【摘要】：雅典的外僑是雅典城邦中的一個(gè)特殊群體,既非公民或奴隸,也區(qū)別于臨時(shí)來(lái)訪者,他們需要在德莫注冊(cè)并指定一個(gè)公民作為其庇護(hù)人,還需要繳納一種叫外僑稅的人頭稅。和希臘其他地方一樣,雅典的公民權(quán)是排外而非開(kāi)放的,外僑只有在特殊情況下才可以入籍成為雅典公民,絕大部分外僑仍然被排斥在公民隊(duì)伍之外。對(duì)于土生土長(zhǎng)的公民來(lái)說(shuō),離鄉(xiāng)背井的外僑無(wú)疑是“他者”,雅典公民的身份意識(shí)正是不斷地在與“他者”的比較中形成的。 雖然如此,雅典的政策非常靈活,它并不盲目排外,而是實(shí)行著開(kāi)放的外僑準(zhǔn)入政策。在梭倫和克里斯提尼時(shí)期甚至有大批外僑進(jìn)入雅典并入籍成為公民。外僑是城邦生活所必需的,所以受到歡迎,但同時(shí)他們和公民群體之間有著清晰的和持續(xù)性的分野。公民和外僑之間的不平等一方面支持了民主政治的平等,另一方面轉(zhuǎn)移了人們對(duì)公民嚴(yán)重的貧富差距的注意。雅典城邦的穩(wěn)定至少部分歸功于這種不平等。 為了維護(hù)公民共同體,雅典出臺(tái)一系列法令來(lái)阻止那些企圖混進(jìn)公民隊(duì)伍的外僑,一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)有人觸犯法令,即給予嚴(yán)厲的懲罰。但在現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中,外僑和公民并不存在不可逾越的障礙,他們之間有著廣泛的私人交往,并存在著相互合作、彼此獲利的情況。在雅典城邦中,外僑發(fā)揮著不可替代的作用。他們廣泛活躍在工商業(yè)領(lǐng)域中,其中值得一提的是海港貿(mào)易和古代銀行業(yè)。海港貿(mào)易的繁榮既為外僑自身帶來(lái)財(cái)富,也為雅典帶來(lái)發(fā)展的契機(jī)。由外僑主營(yíng)的銀行業(yè)打破了土地和金錢之間的阻礙,聯(lián)結(jié)了雅典經(jīng)濟(jì)不同領(lǐng)域。在軍事領(lǐng)域中,外僑在緊急情況下與雅典公民攜手共同保衛(wèi)雅典民主,另一方面通過(guò)繳納戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)課稅提供資金支持。少數(shù)外僑在政治領(lǐng)域也通過(guò)各種方式表達(dá)其政治訴求。
[Abstract]:Athenian aliens are a special group of Athenian city-states, who are neither citizens nor slaves but also temporary visitors. They need to register in Demo and designate a citizen as their patron. They also have to pay a poll tax called the Alien tax. Like the rest of Greece, the citizenship of Athens is exclusive, not open. Foreigners can only be naturalized as Athenian citizens under special circumstances, and the vast majority of foreigners are still excluded from the ranks of citizens. To the native citizen, the alien who left home is undoubtedly the "other", and the identity consciousness of the Athenian citizen is constantly formed in the comparison with the "other". However, Athens's policy is very flexible, it is not blind exclusion, but the implementation of open alien access policy. During the periods of Solon and Christinique, even a large number of aliens entered Athens and became citizens. Aliens are welcomed as a necessity for city-state life, but at the same time there is a clear and persistent division between them and the community of citizens. The inequality between citizens and aliens supports the equality of democracy on the one hand, and diverts attention from the serious gap between the rich and the poor of citizens on the other. The stability of the Athenian city-states is at least partly attributable to this inequality. To protect the Community of Citizens, Athens issued a series of decrees to discourage aliens who tried to infiltrate the ranks of citizens and to impose severe penalties if anyone was found to have broken the law. However, in real life, there are no insurmountable obstacles between aliens and citizens. They have extensive private contacts, mutual cooperation and mutual profit. In Athens, aliens play an irreplaceable role. They are widely active in the industrial and commercial fields, among which are the seaport trade and ancient banking. The prosperity of seaport trade brought both wealth and opportunity to Athens. The banking sector, run by foreigners, broke the barrier between land and money and linked Athens's economy. In the military field, aliens join hands with Athenian citizens to defend Athenian democracy in emergencies, and provide financial support through the payment of war taxes. A small number of foreigners also express their political demands in various ways in the political field.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華中師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號(hào)】：K125
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本文編號(hào)：2259282