【摘要】：十月革命勝利后,在國(guó)內(nèi)反革命分子叛亂和國(guó)外武裝干涉的雙重壓力下,新生的蘇維埃政權(quán)只能以革命的暴力對(duì)抗反革命的暴力,開始對(duì)反革命分子以及各種破壞分子實(shí)施鎮(zhèn)壓。為了與傳統(tǒng)的監(jiān)獄有所區(qū)別,蘇維埃懲戒機(jī)關(guān)建立了集中營(yíng),關(guān)押與新政權(quán)為敵的人。最初的集中營(yíng)逐漸發(fā)展為強(qiáng)制勞動(dòng)營(yíng),并確定了改造犯人和自負(fù)盈虧的雙重任務(wù)。20年代末30年代初,經(jīng)過一次重大的改組后,蘇聯(lián)全國(guó)以索洛維茨特別強(qiáng)制勞動(dòng)營(yíng)為樣本建立了很多勞改營(yíng),并成立了勞改營(yíng)管理總局。在以后的年代中,勞改營(yíng)管理總局成為重要的懲戒機(jī)關(guān)和蘇聯(lián)懲戒政策的主要執(zhí)行者,并涉足多種生產(chǎn)領(lǐng)域,形成了勞改營(yíng)工業(yè)綜合體。衛(wèi)國(guó)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)時(shí)期,勞改營(yíng)的犯人以自己辛勤的勞動(dòng)為前線提供大量武器彈藥,雖然他們不能拿槍上前線殺敵,但是同樣為保衛(wèi)祖國(guó)盡了自己最大的努力。戰(zhàn)后,蘇聯(lián)政府不但沒有對(duì)犯人實(shí)施大規(guī)模的赦免,反而加強(qiáng)了鎮(zhèn)壓力度,勞改營(yíng)犯人的數(shù)量不斷增加,勞改營(yíng)體系達(dá)到發(fā)展的頂峰。然而隨著國(guó)際國(guó)內(nèi)局勢(shì)的變化,勞改營(yíng)逐漸走向衰落,其經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)也不像以前那樣積極,甚至出現(xiàn)了經(jīng)濟(jì)上的危機(jī)。1953年,斯大林死后,蘇聯(lián)懲戒機(jī)關(guān)立即開始了一系列改組,勞改營(yíng)管理總局中的各種經(jīng)濟(jì)部門逐漸分離出去,勞改營(yíng)管理總局的規(guī)模不斷縮小,國(guó)家開始用普通監(jiān)獄代替勞改營(yíng),直到1960年,這個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)變最終完成。
[Abstract]:After the victory of the October Revolution, under the dual pressure of the rebellion of the domestic counter-revolutionaries and the armed intervention of foreign countries, the nascent Soviet regime could only confront counter-revolutionary violence with revolutionary violence. The suppression of counter-revolutionaries and all kinds of saboteurs began. To differentiate from traditional prisons, the Soviet penitentiary set up concentration camps for opponents of the new regime. The initial concentration camps gradually developed into compulsory labour camps, and determined the dual task of reforming prisoners and self-financing. After a major reorganization in the late 1920s and early 1930s, Throughout the Soviet Union, the special forced labor camp in Solovitz was used as a sample to set up a lot of labor camps, and the General Administration of Labor camps was established. In the later years, the General Administration of Labor camps became an important disciplinary organ and the main executor of the Soviet Union's disciplinary policy, and set foot in a variety of production fields, forming a labor camp industrial complex. During the Patriotic War, prisoners in labor camps supplied large quantities of weapons and ammunition to the front lines through their hard work. Although they could not take guns to the front lines to kill the enemy, they also did their best to defend the motherland. After the war, the Soviet government not only failed to grant large-scale amnesty to prisoners, but also strengthened its repression. The number of prisoners in labor camps increased, and the development of the camp system reached its peak. However, with the changes in the international and domestic situation, the labor camps gradually declined, and their economic activities were not as active as before, and even economic crises appeared. In 1953, after Stalin's death, the Soviet Union's disciplinary organs immediately began a series of reorganization. The economic departments of the General Administration of Labor camps were gradually separated from each other. The size of the General Administration of Labor camps was shrinking, and the State began to replace the camps with ordinary prisons until 1960, when the transformation was finally completed.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：吉林大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號(hào)】：K512.5

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