奇盧巴執(zhí)政時期贊比亞經(jīng)濟改革政策研究
發(fā)布時間：2018-10-04 22:34
【摘要】：1991年10月31日,奇盧巴領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的“多黨民主運動”在選舉中擊敗執(zhí)政27年的(1964-1991)“聯(lián)合民族獨立黨”,其本人也接替卡翁達(dá)成為贊比亞歷史上的第二任總統(tǒng)。奇盧巴政府上臺以后,根據(jù)國際貨幣基金組織等國際金融機構(gòu)的“建議”,對贊比亞的國民經(jīng)濟進(jìn)行了以“新自由主義經(jīng)濟思想”為指導(dǎo)的經(jīng)濟自由化改革。 奇盧巴政府的經(jīng)濟自由化改革可大致根據(jù)其任期分為兩個階段,在第一任期內(nèi)(1991-1996)為了穩(wěn)定宏觀經(jīng)濟,奇盧巴政府放開了對匯率和銀行利率的管制；改革稅制,調(diào)低對內(nèi)稅收和對外關(guān)稅的稅率,并用增值稅取代了銷售稅；采用現(xiàn)金預(yù)算制度,嚴(yán)格財政預(yù)算紀(jì)律。在農(nóng)業(yè)領(lǐng)域,奇盧巴政府取消了對玉米和化肥的補貼。同時對正式部門進(jìn)行改革,大幅裁減政府職員,并對除礦產(chǎn)業(yè)外的國有企業(yè)進(jìn)行了大規(guī)模私有化改革。到了第二任期時(1996-2001),奇盧巴政府的經(jīng)濟自由化政策進(jìn)行了較大幅度的調(diào)整。政府放寬了對現(xiàn)金預(yù)算制度的實施要求；實施臨時性征稅方案,調(diào)高了國內(nèi)稅率；再次加強了對農(nóng)業(yè)市場的干預(yù)；暫停了政府職員的裁減計劃；“贊比亞聯(lián)合銅礦公司”的私有化改革也未得到及時的執(zhí)行。 就自由化經(jīng)濟政策實施情況來看,奇盧巴政府第一任期內(nèi)的實施情況要好于第二任期,尤其在最初幾年。這一時期改革的目的也是為了轉(zhuǎn)變經(jīng)濟體制,推動經(jīng)濟發(fā)展。然而到了第二任期時,政府卻對改革政策進(jìn)行了較大的調(diào)整。許多政策的實施被暫停,尤其是在最后的幾年時間里,奇盧巴政府經(jīng)濟自由化改革的目的轉(zhuǎn)變成了獲取國際社會的援助。在奇盧巴兩屆任期內(nèi),盡管有些政策的實施出現(xiàn)過波折,有些政策的實施過程也極為拖沓,但整體看來,奇盧巴政府對贊比亞的國民經(jīng)濟仍進(jìn)行了較為徹底的自由化改革,且這些經(jīng)濟政策都沒有再發(fā)生大的逆轉(zhuǎn)。自由匯率、自由貿(mào)易、稅制改革、私有化改革等自由經(jīng)濟政策都得到了落實。 從經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的實際效果來看,贊比亞的經(jīng)濟自由化改革卻是失敗的。贊比亞的各項經(jīng)濟指標(biāo)在這十年時間里均出現(xiàn)了大幅下滑。人均國民生產(chǎn)總值大幅下降,外債總額卻繼續(xù)上升。銅礦產(chǎn)量和人均糧食擁有量也均低于奇盧巴政府上臺之時。2001年10月,贊比亞財政部長在《減貧戰(zhàn)略報告》中不得不承認(rèn),“贊比亞的經(jīng)濟自由化改革加重了國家的貧困程度”。同年12月,世界銀行和國際貨幣基金組織認(rèn)定贊比亞為“重債窮國”,而聯(lián)合國開發(fā)計劃署的2001年度《人類發(fā)展報告》也將贊比亞列為世界上唯一一個人類發(fā)展指數(shù)低于其1975年水平的國家。 1991年舉行的多黨制選舉曾被西方樹立為非洲以和平方式從一黨制過渡到多黨制的“樣板”,并對這一“樣板”的經(jīng)濟改革提供了大量的援助和建議。然而,“集權(quán)政治”下未能解決的經(jīng)濟問題,在“民主政治”時期同樣沒能得到解決。筆者通過對奇盧巴兩屆政府時期內(nèi)的經(jīng)濟改革政策分析,總結(jié)了撒哈拉以南非洲國家在經(jīng)濟發(fā)展方面的一些經(jīng)驗教訓(xùn)。
[Abstract]:Led by Chiluba on 31 October 1991 "Multi-Party Talks" Defeat ruling 27 years in the election (1964-1991)" Joint National Independence Party "He also took over Kaunda as President of Zambia's history. International financial institutions, such as the International Monetary Fund, after the arrival of the Government of Chiluba" Recommendations" and the national economy of Zambia has been carried out to New Liberalism Economic Thought To guide economic liberalization reforms. The economic liberalization reform of the Government of Chiluba can be divided into two stages roughly according to its term of office. During the first term (1991-1996), in order to stabilize the macro-economy, the Government liberalized the control of exchange rate and bank interest rate; reformed the tax system to lower internal taxes and foreign tariff The tax rate, which replaces the sales tax with the value-added tax, adopts the cash budget system and the strict budget Discipline. In the field of agriculture, the Chiluba government has eliminated corn and fertilizer. Subsidies. At the same time, reform of the formal sector, substantial reduction of government staff, and large-scale privatisation of state-owned enterprises other than the mine industry Reform. During the second term of office (1996-2001), the economic liberalization policy of the Government of Chiluba has been considerably reduced Adjustment. The Government has relaxed its implementation requirements for the cash budget system; the implementation of the provisional tax scheme; the adjustment of the domestic tax rate; the re-strengthening of the intervention in the agricultural market; and the suspension of the reduction of government staff Plan; Zambia Joint Copper Mine The reform of the privatisation of the company has not been timely Implementation. In the context of the implementation of liberalized economic policies, the implementation of the first term of the Government of the Chiluba Government should be better than the second term of office, in particular During the first few years, the purpose of the reform was to transform the economic system and push forward However, in the second term, the government has carried out reform policies Major adjustments. The implementation of many policies has been suspended, especially in the last few years, with the aim of the economic liberalization reform of the Chiluba Government transformed into access to international Social assistance. During the two terms of Chiluba, although some of the policies had been implemented as a result of the wave, some of the policy implementation process was extremely protracted, but as a whole, the Government of the Chiluba Government had made a thorough study of Zambia's national economy Liberalization reforms, and none of these economic policies Free economic policies such as free exchange rate, free trade, tax reform, privatization reform, etc. It has been implemented. From the practical effect of economic development, Zambia's economic freedom The reform of Zambia has failed. The economic indicators of Zambia are in this decade There has been a sharp drop in gross domestic product per capita, outside The total debt has continued to rise. Copper output and per capita grain ownership are also lower than those of the Chiluba government. In October 2001, the Minister of Finance of Zambia wrote the Poverty Reduction Strategy. We have to admit that "Zambia's economic liberalization has increased." Here's it. Poverty in the country ". In December the same year, the World Bank and the International Monetary Base Gold Organization affirmed the praise Biya is" heavily indebted poor countries", while the United Nations Development Programme's 2001 Annual Report on Human Development has also listed Zambia as the world's only human development index below its 19 A 75-year-old country. The multi-party elections held in 1991 were set up by the West as Africa and squared from one party to one party transition to multiple party system Template" and economic reform of this" template "provide a great deal of aid and Recommendation. However," authoritarian politics" unresolvable Economic problems, in "democratic politics" By analyzing the policy of economic reform during the two periods of government in Chiluba, the author sums up the economy of sub-Saharan African countries.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：浙江師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：K473.6
本文編號：2252133
[Abstract]:Led by Chiluba on 31 October 1991 "Multi-Party Talks" Defeat ruling 27 years in the election (1964-1991)" Joint National Independence Party "He also took over Kaunda as President of Zambia's history. International financial institutions, such as the International Monetary Fund, after the arrival of the Government of Chiluba" Recommendations" and the national economy of Zambia has been carried out to New Liberalism Economic Thought To guide economic liberalization reforms. The economic liberalization reform of the Government of Chiluba can be divided into two stages roughly according to its term of office. During the first term (1991-1996), in order to stabilize the macro-economy, the Government liberalized the control of exchange rate and bank interest rate; reformed the tax system to lower internal taxes and foreign tariff The tax rate, which replaces the sales tax with the value-added tax, adopts the cash budget system and the strict budget Discipline. In the field of agriculture, the Chiluba government has eliminated corn and fertilizer. Subsidies. At the same time, reform of the formal sector, substantial reduction of government staff, and large-scale privatisation of state-owned enterprises other than the mine industry Reform. During the second term of office (1996-2001), the economic liberalization policy of the Government of Chiluba has been considerably reduced Adjustment. The Government has relaxed its implementation requirements for the cash budget system; the implementation of the provisional tax scheme; the adjustment of the domestic tax rate; the re-strengthening of the intervention in the agricultural market; and the suspension of the reduction of government staff Plan; Zambia Joint Copper Mine The reform of the privatisation of the company has not been timely Implementation. In the context of the implementation of liberalized economic policies, the implementation of the first term of the Government of the Chiluba Government should be better than the second term of office, in particular During the first few years, the purpose of the reform was to transform the economic system and push forward However, in the second term, the government has carried out reform policies Major adjustments. The implementation of many policies has been suspended, especially in the last few years, with the aim of the economic liberalization reform of the Chiluba Government transformed into access to international Social assistance. During the two terms of Chiluba, although some of the policies had been implemented as a result of the wave, some of the policy implementation process was extremely protracted, but as a whole, the Government of the Chiluba Government had made a thorough study of Zambia's national economy Liberalization reforms, and none of these economic policies Free economic policies such as free exchange rate, free trade, tax reform, privatization reform, etc. It has been implemented. From the practical effect of economic development, Zambia's economic freedom The reform of Zambia has failed. The economic indicators of Zambia are in this decade There has been a sharp drop in gross domestic product per capita, outside The total debt has continued to rise. Copper output and per capita grain ownership are also lower than those of the Chiluba government. In October 2001, the Minister of Finance of Zambia wrote the Poverty Reduction Strategy. We have to admit that "Zambia's economic liberalization has increased." Here's it. Poverty in the country ". In December the same year, the World Bank and the International Monetary Base Gold Organization affirmed the praise Biya is" heavily indebted poor countries", while the United Nations Development Programme's 2001 Annual Report on Human Development has also listed Zambia as the world's only human development index below its 19 A 75-year-old country. The multi-party elections held in 1991 were set up by the West as Africa and squared from one party to one party transition to multiple party system Template" and economic reform of this" template "provide a great deal of aid and Recommendation. However," authoritarian politics" unresolvable Economic problems, in "democratic politics" By analyzing the policy of economic reform during the two periods of government in Chiluba, the author sums up the economy of sub-Saharan African countries.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：浙江師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：K473.6
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