美國肯定性行動:歷史演變與爭論
[Abstract]:Although the American Civil War liberated the blacks from the bondage of slavery, it did not bring them real equality. The struggle for equal rights made Americans, especially the American government, aware of the suffering of racial discrimination and its harm to society. In the mid-1960s, to ease domestic tensions. In order to eliminate racial discrimination, sexism and its influence, and promote genuine racial equality and gender equality, the United States government launched affirmative action to give preferential treatment and care to minorities and disadvantaged groups in the fields of employment, education and government contracts.
In the absence of a specific law providing a comprehensive and authoritative interpretation of affirmative action, people's understanding of affirmative action has been changing with the social and political environment for more than 40 years. The high court has also made different interpretations of affirmative action through various cases.
The primary purpose of affirmative action is to compensate for the damage caused by racial discrimination in history, to help all citizens who suffer from racial discrimination get equal opportunities, and thus to improve their social and economic status. This policy is mandatory and has achieved substantial results. Large numbers of ethnic minority members and women enter Affirmative action has played a positive role in alleviating racial conflicts and helping disadvantaged groups get out of their predicament. But this preference and care for specific targets conflict with the American value of "equal opportunity," and thus has been relevant for more than 40 years. Supporters argue that eliminating discrimination alone does not compensate for the damage caused by long-term discrimination and does not bring about real equality for vulnerable groups, so it is necessary to compensate for it and enhance its competitiveness by providing special preferences and care. Other citizens compete fairly at the same starting point. To achieve this goal, even quotas or set asides are used to reserve a part of the quota or a part of the contract in terms of employment, enrollment, contract award, etc., in proportion to the total population within a certain range. They also believe that affirmative action can promote racial diversity and thus create a more conducive and relaxed learning environment for people. In the context of economic globalization, racial diversity can also enable people to enhance their competitiveness through contacts with different racial groups, and further eliminate racial discrimination and promote race. Harmony creates a good social environment. Opponents, however, argue that this racial and gender-based preference and care is contrary to the principle of equal protection in the U.S. Constitution and is not allowed under the 1964 Civil Rights Act. In addition, opponents of affirmative action argue that many ethnic minorities have become middle-class or even upper-class, and that new immigrants who have not been harmed by racial discrimination are constantly entering the United States. This is unfair to non-caregivers, poor whites, and members of the lowest ethnic minority. These arguments have intensified, especially since the mid-1990s, when some states have been partially divided. Or the abolition of affirmative action plans based on race and gender.
Supporters and opponents alike want to find more viable alternatives. Some argue that social and economic status should be used as a measure of whether or not care is given. The affirmative action not only benefits minorities, but also avoids controversial factors such as race and gender. However, due to deep-rooted racial prejudice and gender discrimination, ethnic minorities with equal social and economic status are likely to have difficulty competing with whites and women are unlikely to compete fairly with men. So this affirmative action program based on socio-economic status is hard to fundamentally address racial discrimination and gender inequality in American society.
In some states that have abolished affirmative action, in order to maintain minority and female enrollment, universities have introduced percentage schemes. In secondary schools with different qualifications, graduates with a score of X% in the top class automatically qualify for admission to certain universities in their state. Minority students tend to attend low-quality secondary schools, so it is hoped that the percentage plan will help them reduce competitive pressures and increase their chances of enrollment, thereby maintaining or increasing the overall proportion of this group in the total number of College freshmen. But research shows the opposite. In states such as Florida, where percentage programs are in place, there is no increase in the number of black and other ethnic minorities entering universities, especially when compared with the mid-1990s, their percentage of freshmen is even lower. In addition, for students in high-quality secondary schools, though their grades are higher than those in the mid-1990s Excellent students from other schools, but because of the fierce competition and ranking below the top X percent, are unable to enter the ideal university, or even the opportunity to compete fairly. This is extremely unfair to them.
In today's American society, racial discrimination and gender prejudice still exist, and there is still a long way to go to solve these problems. Simply replacing affirmative action based on race and gender can not fundamentally eliminate these social problems. At present, there are no more mature alternative measures to better address social discrimination and social injustice, so the United States can not cancel affirmative action for the time being, but as President Clinton said, to "fix" it. It can serve the vulnerable better, serve the American society, and realize racial equality more quickly.
【學(xué)位授予單位】:中國人民解放軍外國語學(xué)院
【學(xué)位級別】:碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】:2006
【分類號】:K712
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