印度民主化進(jìn)程中的潘查亞特制度
發(fā)布時間：2018-09-15 06:54
【摘要】：潘查亞特制度是現(xiàn)代印度地方自治制度,它是由古代印度“五人長老會”發(fā)展演變而來的。獨立后隨著印度政治經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展和社會發(fā)展的需要,印度政府逐步重建并改革潘查亞特制度。獨立以來潘查亞特制度的發(fā)展主要經(jīng)歷了三個階段:第一階段從20世紀(jì)50年代中期到70年代。1957年貝爾汪達(dá)·梅塔委員會提交了《鄉(xiāng)村發(fā)展計劃和鄉(xiāng)村服務(wù)調(diào)查報告》,實行三級潘查亞特,并在地方實行選舉制度。潘查亞特在1959到1964年經(jīng)歷了蓬勃發(fā)展時期。但是隨著尼赫魯總理的去世,潘查亞特制度失去強有力的支持,其發(fā)展隨之陷入停滯和衰落。第二階段自70年代末到80年代末,阿索卡·梅塔委員會提交了《潘查亞特制度調(diào)查報告》,建議實行兩級潘查亞特制度。竭力尋求使潘查亞特成為印度民主進(jìn)程中一個有機的、不可或缺的部分。使政黨參與到潘查亞特選舉中,促進(jìn)了地方政黨力量的發(fā)展,但是也有消極作用,政黨競爭中為黨派利益犧牲群眾利益甚至阻礙潘查亞特選舉。第三階段自90年代至今,尋求憲法對潘查亞特的支持,最終印度議會通過了《第73次憲法修正案》和《第74次憲法修正案》,對潘查亞特的地位、職權(quán)、構(gòu)成都做出明確規(guī)定。確定潘查亞特組織為基層民主自治組織,使其有能夠有效利用資源來制定和實施鄉(xiāng)村發(fā)展計劃,促進(jìn)農(nóng)村地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和社會公正。自獨立以來潘查亞特制度經(jīng)過半個多世紀(jì)的發(fā)展,通過引入選舉制度及政黨競爭,提高了基層人民的政治參與積極性,使地方人民有機會參與決策和管理,擴(kuò)大了基層民主,促進(jìn)了印度社會整合。其恢復(fù)與重建是實現(xiàn)基層人民參與民主進(jìn)程中的一個重大轉(zhuǎn)折。但是潘查亞特制度也面臨著諸多挑戰(zhàn)和阻礙。憲法只是對潘查亞特進(jìn)行原則性規(guī)定,只有少數(shù)邦政府在積極建設(shè)潘查亞特,地方分權(quán)問題重重,權(quán)力職能和人員下放沒有充分實現(xiàn),以及對潘查亞特工作人員培訓(xùn)不夠,加之印度社會種姓和性別歧視等傳統(tǒng)思想文化的影響,這些都使得獨立以后潘查亞特的發(fā)展進(jìn)程十分緩慢和艱難。
[Abstract]:Panchayat system is a modern Indian local autonomy system, which evolved from the development of the five-member Presbyterian Church in ancient India. After independence, with the development of Indian politics and economy and the need of social development, the Indian government gradually rebuilt and reformed the Panchayat system. The development of Panchayat system has gone through three stages since independence: the first stage was from the mid-1950s to the 1970s. In 1957, the Belwanda Meta Commission submitted the Rural Development Plan and Village Service Survey. The practice of three levels of Panchayat, And the local election system. Panchayat experienced a period of boom between 1959 and 1964. But with the death of Prime Minister Nehru, Panchayat lost strong support and its development stalled and declined. In the second stage, from the late 1970s to the end of the 1980s, the Asoka Meta Committee submitted the "Panchaat system investigation report", recommending the implementation of the two-level Panchaat system. Strive to make Panchayat an organic and integral part of India's democratic process. The participation of political parties in Panchayat election promotes the development of local political parties, but also has a negative effect. In the competition of political parties, they sacrifice the interests of the masses for the interests of the parties and even hinder the Panchayat elections. The third stage, from the 1990s to the present, sought the support of the Constitution for Panchayat. Finally, the Indian Parliament passed the 73rd Amendment to the Constitution and the 74th Amendment to the Constitution, which clearly stipulated the status, authority and constitution of Pancharat. The Panchayat organization should be established as a grass-roots democratic self-governing organization so that it can make effective use of resources to formulate and implement rural development plans and promote economic development and social justice in rural areas. After more than half a century of development since independence, the Panchayat system, through the introduction of an electoral system and party competition, has increased the political participation enthusiasm of the grassroots people, given the local people an opportunity to participate in decision-making and management, and expanded grass-roots democracy. Promote social integration in India. Its recovery and reconstruction is a major turning point in the realization of grassroots people's participation in the democratic process. But Panchayat system also faces many challenges and obstacles. The Constitution only provides in principle for Panchayat. Only a small number of state governments are actively building Panchayat. There are many problems with decentralization, the decentralization of power and personnel is not fully realized, and the training of Panchayat staff is insufficient. In addition, the influence of traditional ideology and culture, such as caste and sexism in Indian society, made the development of Panchayat very slow and difficult after independence.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華中師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：K351.5
本文編號：2244104
[Abstract]:Panchayat system is a modern Indian local autonomy system, which evolved from the development of the five-member Presbyterian Church in ancient India. After independence, with the development of Indian politics and economy and the need of social development, the Indian government gradually rebuilt and reformed the Panchayat system. The development of Panchayat system has gone through three stages since independence: the first stage was from the mid-1950s to the 1970s. In 1957, the Belwanda Meta Commission submitted the Rural Development Plan and Village Service Survey. The practice of three levels of Panchayat, And the local election system. Panchayat experienced a period of boom between 1959 and 1964. But with the death of Prime Minister Nehru, Panchayat lost strong support and its development stalled and declined. In the second stage, from the late 1970s to the end of the 1980s, the Asoka Meta Committee submitted the "Panchaat system investigation report", recommending the implementation of the two-level Panchaat system. Strive to make Panchayat an organic and integral part of India's democratic process. The participation of political parties in Panchayat election promotes the development of local political parties, but also has a negative effect. In the competition of political parties, they sacrifice the interests of the masses for the interests of the parties and even hinder the Panchayat elections. The third stage, from the 1990s to the present, sought the support of the Constitution for Panchayat. Finally, the Indian Parliament passed the 73rd Amendment to the Constitution and the 74th Amendment to the Constitution, which clearly stipulated the status, authority and constitution of Pancharat. The Panchayat organization should be established as a grass-roots democratic self-governing organization so that it can make effective use of resources to formulate and implement rural development plans and promote economic development and social justice in rural areas. After more than half a century of development since independence, the Panchayat system, through the introduction of an electoral system and party competition, has increased the political participation enthusiasm of the grassroots people, given the local people an opportunity to participate in decision-making and management, and expanded grass-roots democracy. Promote social integration in India. Its recovery and reconstruction is a major turning point in the realization of grassroots people's participation in the democratic process. But Panchayat system also faces many challenges and obstacles. The Constitution only provides in principle for Panchayat. Only a small number of state governments are actively building Panchayat. There are many problems with decentralization, the decentralization of power and personnel is not fully realized, and the training of Panchayat staff is insufficient. In addition, the influence of traditional ideology and culture, such as caste and sexism in Indian society, made the development of Panchayat very slow and difficult after independence.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華中師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：K351.5
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