【摘要】： 本文從文明交往的角度，綜合運用歷史學、災害學等多學科知識，采取比較研究與專題研究相結(jié)合的方法，通過對五千年來中東地區(qū)自然災害史的回顧與梳理，揭示了人類與自然災害斗爭過程中所反映的人與自然、人與人的交往關(guān)系，對自然災害對中東文明發(fā)展的正(產(chǎn)生刺激和促進作用)、反(帶來破壞)兩個方面的影響進行了較為系統(tǒng)地分析和研究，并提出和探討了若干問題，得出了一些結(jié)論： 第一，除了特殊自然地理地質(zhì)因素外，人與自然、人與人的“交而惡”是自然災害對中東文明發(fā)展造成巨大破壞的根源；只有提高文明交往力水平，實現(xiàn)人與自然、人與人的“交而通”，才能減輕自然災害的危害，進而化害為利，刺激和促進文明的發(fā)展和進步。 其次，自然災害以其破壞性乃至毀滅性后果，客觀上對人類文明構(gòu)成了一種嚴峻的挑戰(zhàn)，迫使人類文明為逃避被淘汰的厄運而釋放出所有的潛能和激情進行應戰(zhàn)，從而促進文明發(fā)展。自然災害對文明發(fā)展的挑戰(zhàn)有一個“度”的問題：如果自然災害的破壞力大于文明應對自然災害挑戰(zhàn)的能力，則文明被自然災害扼殺；如果自然災害的破壞力雖然小于文明應對自然災害的能力但其嚴峻程度足以使整個文明社會無法按照原來的方式繼續(xù)發(fā)展下去時，自然災害的挑戰(zhàn)將激發(fā)起文明社會的創(chuàng)造力，使得文明發(fā)展發(fā)生質(zhì)的飛躍；如果自然災害的破壞力小于文明的應對自然災害挑戰(zhàn)的能力且不足以使整個文明社會無法按照原來的方式繼續(xù)發(fā)展下去時，則文明雖然戰(zhàn)勝自然災害，但災害的刺激不足以激發(fā)文明的創(chuàng)造力，文明繼續(xù)沿著原有的軌道發(fā)展。 第三，不同類型自然災害和群發(fā)性自然災害對中東文明發(fā)展的影響程度不同。地震和海嘯雖然來勢兇猛，對局部地區(qū)造成的生命和物質(zhì)損失也很大，但由于其影響范圍和時間有限，總的來說對于文明發(fā)展的總體影響為中等程度；氣候災害尤其旱災因其影響時間長、范圍廣而成為對文明發(fā)展影響最大的自然災害。中東地區(qū)的洪水災害造成的物質(zhì)損失相對有限，但其對于精神文明特別是宗教卻產(chǎn)生深遠的影響；瘟疫對文明發(fā)展有著巨大而深遠的影響，大規(guī)模的瘟疫往往造成中東地區(qū)文明版圖的劇烈的變化，盡管這些變化可能是遲滯的，它沉重地打擊了原有的中東強國，為新生力量的興起奠定了基礎(chǔ)；饑荒有時足以引發(fā)嚴重的社會騷亂與震蕩，甚至導致政權(quán)更迭；真正對中東文明發(fā)展產(chǎn)生深刻而長遠影響的是環(huán)境災害，這體現(xiàn)出生態(tài)文明對其他文明發(fā)展的制約作用。群發(fā)性自然災害對文明發(fā)展的影響是以幾何式增長的，它既有可能使文明發(fā)展陷入停滯，也有可能激發(fā)文明的活力，使文明發(fā)展出現(xiàn)質(zhì)的飛躍。 第四，只有以史為鑒，，正確認識人與自然的辯證關(guān)系，堅持以生態(tài)理性對待自然，正確認識和運用自然規(guī)律，并在與自然災害的斗爭中以積極主動對待不同文明之間和同一文明之內(nèi)的交流和合作，才能實現(xiàn)文明交往的自覺，做到人與自然、人與人的“交而通”，減輕自然災害的危害，進而化害為利，促進人類文明的可持續(xù)發(fā)展。
[Abstract]:From the point of view of civilized intercourse, this paper comprehensively uses the knowledge of history, calamity and other disciplines, adopts the method of combining comparative study with special subject study, and through reviewing and combing the history of natural disasters in the Middle East over the past five thousand years, reveals the relationship between man and nature, and between man and man in the struggle against natural disasters. This paper systematically analyzes and studies the positive (stimulating and promoting) and negative (destroying) effects of natural disasters on the development of civilization in the Middle East, and puts forward and probes into some problems and draws some conclusions.
Firstly, apart from the special physical, geographical and geological factors, man and nature, and man's "intercourse with evil" are the root causes of great damage to the development of civilization in the Middle East caused by natural disasters; only by improving the level of civilized communication, realizing the "intercourse" between man and nature, and between man and man, can the harm of natural disasters be mitigated, and harms can be turned into benefits, stimulated and promoted. Enter the development and progress of civilization.
Secondly, natural disasters, with their destructive and even destructive consequences, objectively pose a serious challenge to human civilization, forcing human civilization to release all its potential and passion in order to escape the doom of being eliminated, thus promoting the development of civilization. If the destructive power of natural disasters is greater than the ability of civilization to meet the challenges of natural disasters, civilization will be strangled by natural disasters; if the destructive power of natural disasters is less than the ability of civilization to deal with natural disasters, but its severity is enough to make the whole civilized society unable to continue to develop in the original way, the challenge of natural disasters will be. If the destructive power of natural disasters is less than civilization's ability to cope with the challenges of natural disasters and is insufficient to make the whole civilized society unable to continue its development in the original way, then civilization will overcome natural disasters, but the stimulation of disasters is insufficient. With the creativity of civilization, civilization continues to develop along the original track.
Third, different types of natural disasters and mass natural disasters have different impacts on the development of civilization in the Middle East. The flood disaster in the Middle East caused relatively limited material losses, but it had a far-reaching impact on spiritual civilization, especially on religion. The plague had a great and far-reaching impact on the development of civilization and a large-scale plague. In the past, drastic changes in the territory of civilization in the Middle East region, although these changes may be delayed, have severely hit the original Middle East powers and laid the foundation for the rise of new forces; famine is sometimes enough to cause serious social unrest and turbulence, and even lead to regime change; it has really had a profound and profound impact on the development of civilization in the Middle East. The long-term impact is environmental disasters, which reflects the restrictive effect of ecological civilization on the development of other civilizations.
Fourthly, only by taking history as a mirror, correctly understanding the dialectical relationship between man and nature, persisting in treating nature with ecological rationality, correctly understanding and applying the laws of nature, and actively dealing with the exchanges and cooperation between different civilizations and within the same civilization in the struggle against natural disasters, can we realize the consciousness of civilized exchanges between man and nature. The "communication" between man and man can reduce the harm of natural disasters, turn harm into benefit, and promote the sustainable development of human civilization.
【學位授予單位】：西北大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2007
【分類號】：K37

【引證文獻】

相關(guān)碩士學位論文 前2條

1 王曉杰;自然災害與中東城市發(fā)展研究[D];山西師范大學;2012年

2 王曉偉;明清江南地區(qū)疫災地理規(guī)律與環(huán)境機理研究[D];華中師范大學;2013年

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