【摘要】：18世紀(jì)的法國(guó)啟蒙哲人熱衷于從擬設(shè)的"自然狀態(tài)"出發(fā),談?wù)撊似毡橄碛械?自然權(quán)利"。這種思考政治的方式在法國(guó)大革命遭遇挫折后飽受批評(píng)。不少人認(rèn)為,它過于抽象并且輕視歷史與現(xiàn)實(shí)的社會(huì)狀況。在19世紀(jì)上半葉的法國(guó),無論保守派、自由派,還是社會(huì)主義思想家,大都關(guān)注歷史研究,并且從"社會(huì)"的視角來思考政治,于是帶有強(qiáng)烈歷史意識(shí)的社會(huì)學(xué)說紛紛興起。基佐把"社會(huì)狀況"視為比"政治制度"更為根本的因素,他關(guān)于文明史的研究就是考察歐洲社會(huì)變遷的一次成功嘗試。圣西門倡導(dǎo)用實(shí)證與科學(xué)的方法研究歷史與社會(huì),摒棄抽象的意識(shí)形態(tài)之爭(zhēng),回歸到社會(huì)事實(shí)本身來思考政治。實(shí)證和科學(xué)的精神滲透到19世紀(jì)的各種思潮中,促成了觀念與經(jīng)驗(yàn)的互動(dòng),這一切有助于法國(guó)順利完成政治現(xiàn)代化的轉(zhuǎn)型。
[Abstract]:The French Enlightenment philosophers in the 18 th century were keen to talk about the universal "natural rights" from the intended "natural state". This way of thinking about politics was criticized after the French Revolution suffered a setback. Many people think that it is too abstract and belittled the history and reality of the social situation. In France in the first half of the 19th century, whether conservatives, liberals, or socialist thinkers, paid much attention to the study of history and thought about politics from the perspective of "society", so the social theory with strong historical consciousness rose one after another. Keizo regards "social situation" as a more fundamental factor than "political system", and his research on the history of civilization is a successful attempt to examine the social changes in Europe. Saint-Simon advocates to study history and society by means of positivism and science, abandon the dispute of abstract ideology, and return to the social facts to think about politics. The spirit of positivism and science permeated into various ideological trends in the 19th century, which contributed to the interaction of ideas and experiences, which helped France to complete the transformation of political modernization successfully.
【作者單位】： 首都師范大學(xué)歷史學(xué)院、文明區(qū)劃研究中心;
【基金】：國(guó)家社會(huì)科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目“19世紀(jì)上半葉法國(guó)思想界對(duì)啟蒙和大革命的反思”(項(xiàng)目編號(hào):15BSS039)的階段性成果
【分類號(hào)】：K565.4

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