近代德意志政治民族主義發(fā)展研究
發(fā)布時間：2018-09-01 13:36
【摘要】：縱觀世界民族的發(fā)展歷程,可以發(fā)現(xiàn)德意志民族的特殊性。德意志從中世紀(jì)長期以來的分裂割據(jù)走向統(tǒng)一的進(jìn)程中,德意志民眾的民族情緒影響巨大。本文是站在政治民族主義的角度,來認(rèn)識德意志民族近代以來發(fā)展的歷程,分別從德意志民族主義的早期發(fā)展、法國的入侵和德意志政治民族主義的發(fā)端、德意志政治民族主義的發(fā)展與統(tǒng)一的民族國家建立這三個方面來展開。德意志的民族主義最早表現(xiàn)為文化民族主義。這是因為德意志長期邦國林立、四分五裂、戰(zhàn)爭頻繁的局面,導(dǎo)致民族意識的覺醒沒能發(fā)展成一種廣泛的社會運動,僅僅停留在社會中上層,最終形成一種范圍狹小的文化民族主義。他們希望,文化上聯(lián)絡(luò)加強能夠促進(jìn)德國在政治上的統(tǒng)一。反映在文化思想上,即是不斷追憶與贊美昔日耳曼人的光榮與業(yè)績,狂熱地探尋德意志民族的民族精神與民族個性,從遙遠(yuǎn)的過去尋求慰藉借以培養(yǎng)德意志民族的優(yōu)越感與自信心。啟蒙運動有力地推動了德意志文化民族主義的發(fā)展。在德意志民族主義的發(fā)展過程中,有幾個不同的階段。第一個時期,其特點是著重突出、重視文化的統(tǒng)一性,這起了凝聚德意志民族情感的功效。后來又發(fā)展為更現(xiàn)實的政治民族主義。而這個重大轉(zhuǎn)變則是由于抵制異族侵略所形成的。雖然文化方面一直強調(diào)德意志民族團(tuán)結(jié)與價值認(rèn)同,但到了后來,文化民族主義愈發(fā)和德意志的分裂局面格格不入。法國的入侵,給德國造成了強烈沖擊,抵制拿破侖的民族情緒、民族情感日益高漲,大量的杰出的知識群體參與其中,加入到推動著德意志民族解放運動的隊伍當(dāng)中�？梢哉f,法國的入侵有力地促進(jìn)了德意志政治民族主義的發(fā)端。德意志上下同心共同應(yīng)對拿破侖戰(zhàn)爭造成的政治沖擊,推動了德意志政治民族主義的發(fā)展與成熟。1815年維也納會議后,德意志的政治民族主義進(jìn)一步發(fā)展,民族主義從文化精英向全民擴(kuò)散,有力的推動了德意志的民族統(tǒng)一運動,統(tǒng)一的德意志民族國家得以建立。1871年第二帝國建立,政治民族主義最終形成,德意志民族主義的興起和發(fā)展之路基本走完。在這之后德意志的民族主義也一直在對德國社會產(chǎn)生影響,民族主義與普魯士的軍國主義實現(xiàn)了融合,并對德國各個階層產(chǎn)生了重大影響,在政府的煽動之下德國民眾的民族意識因此空前高漲,并成為了德國接連發(fā)動兩次世界大戰(zhàn)的重要因素。
[Abstract]:Throughout the development of the world nation, we can find the particularity of the German nation. In the process of the separation and unification of Germany from the Middle Ages for a long time, the national emotions of the German people have a great influence. This paper is from the angle of political nationalism to understand the development of the German nation since modern times, respectively from the early development of German nationalism, the invasion of France and the origin of German political nationalism. The development of German political nationalism and the establishment of a unified nation-state are carried out in these three aspects. The earliest manifestation of German nationalism is cultural nationalism. This is because of the long history of Germany as a nation of states, torn apart by frequent wars, the awakening of national consciousness has not developed into a widespread social movement and has only remained in the upper middle and upper strata of society. Finally, a narrow range of cultural nationalism was formed. They hope that closer cultural ties will promote Germany's political unity. Reflected in the cultural thought, that is, constantly recalling and praising the glory and achievements of the former Germanic people, fervently exploring the national spirit and national individuality of the German nation, Seek solace from the distant past to cultivate the superiority and self-confidence of the German nation. The Enlightenment promoted the development of German cultural nationalism. There were several different stages in the development of German nationalism. In the first period, it was characterized by emphasizing the unity of culture, which condensed the national emotion of Germany. Later it developed into a more realistic political nationalism. This major shift was the result of resistance to alien aggression. Although the cultural aspect always emphasizes the German national unity and the value identity, but later, the cultural nationalism is more and more incompatible with the German split situation. The invasion of France made a strong impact on Germany, resisting Napoleon's national sentiment, increasing national emotion, a large number of outstanding knowledge groups participated in the promotion of the German national liberation movement. It can be said that the French invasion contributed to the beginning of German political nationalism. German political nationalism developed further after the Vienna Conference in 1815, when it worked together to cope with the political impact caused by the Napoleon War, which promoted the development and maturity of German political nationalism. Nationalism diffused from the cultural elite to the whole people, and promoted the national unification movement of Germany, and the unified German nation state was established. In 1871, the second Reich was established, and political nationalism was finally formed. The rise and development of German nationalism is basically over. Since then, German nationalism has also had an impact on German society. Nationalism has merged with Prussia's militarism and has had a significant impact on all levels of German society. At the instigation of the government, the national consciousness of the German people rose to an unprecedented height and became an important factor in the launching of two world wars in Germany.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華中師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：K516
本文編號：2217369
[Abstract]:Throughout the development of the world nation, we can find the particularity of the German nation. In the process of the separation and unification of Germany from the Middle Ages for a long time, the national emotions of the German people have a great influence. This paper is from the angle of political nationalism to understand the development of the German nation since modern times, respectively from the early development of German nationalism, the invasion of France and the origin of German political nationalism. The development of German political nationalism and the establishment of a unified nation-state are carried out in these three aspects. The earliest manifestation of German nationalism is cultural nationalism. This is because of the long history of Germany as a nation of states, torn apart by frequent wars, the awakening of national consciousness has not developed into a widespread social movement and has only remained in the upper middle and upper strata of society. Finally, a narrow range of cultural nationalism was formed. They hope that closer cultural ties will promote Germany's political unity. Reflected in the cultural thought, that is, constantly recalling and praising the glory and achievements of the former Germanic people, fervently exploring the national spirit and national individuality of the German nation, Seek solace from the distant past to cultivate the superiority and self-confidence of the German nation. The Enlightenment promoted the development of German cultural nationalism. There were several different stages in the development of German nationalism. In the first period, it was characterized by emphasizing the unity of culture, which condensed the national emotion of Germany. Later it developed into a more realistic political nationalism. This major shift was the result of resistance to alien aggression. Although the cultural aspect always emphasizes the German national unity and the value identity, but later, the cultural nationalism is more and more incompatible with the German split situation. The invasion of France made a strong impact on Germany, resisting Napoleon's national sentiment, increasing national emotion, a large number of outstanding knowledge groups participated in the promotion of the German national liberation movement. It can be said that the French invasion contributed to the beginning of German political nationalism. German political nationalism developed further after the Vienna Conference in 1815, when it worked together to cope with the political impact caused by the Napoleon War, which promoted the development and maturity of German political nationalism. Nationalism diffused from the cultural elite to the whole people, and promoted the national unification movement of Germany, and the unified German nation state was established. In 1871, the second Reich was established, and political nationalism was finally formed. The rise and development of German nationalism is basically over. Since then, German nationalism has also had an impact on German society. Nationalism has merged with Prussia's militarism and has had a significant impact on all levels of German society. At the instigation of the government, the national consciousness of the German people rose to an unprecedented height and became an important factor in the launching of two world wars in Germany.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華中師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：K516
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