【摘要】： 伊凡四世是俄國(guó)歷史上的第一位沙皇，同時(shí)也是沙皇專制制度的奠基者和全方位對(duì)外擴(kuò)張的鼻祖，他在俄國(guó)開(kāi)國(guó)史上占有舉足輕重的位置。16世紀(jì)50年代，伊凡四世為了建立中央集權(quán)制度，進(jìn)行了一系列包括政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、軍事和宗教等方面的改革，這些改革有利于生產(chǎn)力的恢復(fù)和發(fā)展，，對(duì)增強(qiáng)俄國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力和軍事戰(zhàn)斗力起到了不可低估的作用。16世紀(jì)60年代，伊凡四世為了打擊波雅爾分裂勢(shì)力、鞏固沙皇專制制度，在全國(guó)推行特轄制。然而，這一制度的實(shí)行卻阻礙了生產(chǎn)力的發(fā)展，導(dǎo)致了俄國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的崩潰和農(nóng)民農(nóng)奴化的加深。由于俄國(guó)是內(nèi)陸國(guó)，封閉的地理環(huán)境極大的限制了俄國(guó)的對(duì)外貿(mào)易活動(dòng)和文化交往，阻礙了俄國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)文化的發(fā)展。所以，伊凡四世政府面臨的一項(xiàng)重要任務(wù)，是確定俄國(guó)的國(guó)際地位，采取積極的對(duì)外擴(kuò)張政策。與此同時(shí)，在“重臣拉達(dá)”的輔助下，伊凡四世的改革又取得了較好的成果：俄國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)和軍事實(shí)力增強(qiáng)。然而這卻更助長(zhǎng)了俄國(guó)對(duì)外擴(kuò)張的野心，伊凡四世開(kāi)始進(jìn)行全方位、大規(guī)模的對(duì)外擴(kuò)張，把經(jīng)濟(jì)剛剛勃興的俄國(guó)拖到了經(jīng)濟(jì)惡化的泥沼，從而加劇了國(guó)內(nèi)原有的社會(huì)矛盾。
[Abstract]:Ivan IV was the first tsar in Russian history, and also the founder of the czarist autocratic system and the ancestor of all-round external expansion. He played an important role in the history of Russia's founding state in the 1650s. In order to establish a centralized system of power, Ivan IV carried out a series of reforms, including political, economic, military and religious reforms, which were conducive to the restoration and development of productive forces. It played an important role in strengthening Russian economic strength and military combat effectiveness. In the 1660s, Ivan IV carried out a special system in the whole country in order to attack the separatist forces of Boyar and consolidate the czarist autocratic system. However, the implementation of this system hindered the development of productive forces and led to the collapse of Russian economy and the deepening of peasant serfdom. As Russia is a landlocked country, the closed geographical environment greatly restricts Russia's foreign trade activities and cultural exchanges, and hinders the development of Russian economy and culture. Therefore, an important task for Ivan IV's government was to determine Russia's international status and adopt an active policy of foreign expansion. At the same time, with the aid of Rada, Ivan IV's reform achieved good results: Russia's economic and military strength increased. However, this increased Russia's ambition to expand abroad. Ivan IV began to expand abroad in all directions and on a large scale, dragging Russia, whose economy had just flourished, to the quagmire of economic deterioration, thus exacerbating the original social contradictions in the country.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：天津師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2007
【分類號(hào)】：K512.3

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