關(guān)于桓武天皇律令制度改革中健兒制的考察
發(fā)布時間：2018-08-27 15:17
【摘要】：7世紀末至10世紀初,日本全面效仿唐王朝建立起律令體制。其中軍團制作為律令國家最早的地方軍制,是對唐朝府兵制的全面模仿,也是律令國家的重要標志之一;后期的國衙軍制,被部分學者認為是武士階層誕生的重要原因。而健兒制作為桓武朝政治中唯一的地方軍制改革實為上兩者的銜接與拐點,然而不同于上述兩項制度的是,目前健兒制的相關(guān)研究多為律令軍制整體研究中的一環(huán),缺乏系統(tǒng)深入的分析。本文以桓武天皇當政期間實施的健兒制為研究對象,結(jié)合史料和現(xiàn)有研究成果,梳理健兒制形成的背景、內(nèi)容,分析健兒制的特點和性質(zhì),考察其在此后長達數(shù)百年的實施過程中的變化及帶來的結(jié)果,明確其影響及歷史意義。在此,筆者借用國內(nèi)府兵制的研究角度,分別從文化所屬、兵農(nóng)關(guān)系、募兵階級及權(quán)力歸屬等四個方面分析健兒制,得出如下結(jié)論:(1)桓武天皇時期的健兒制是對藤原仲麻呂時期健兒制的完全繼承,是為了加強中央集權(quán),重建律令國家,結(jié)合當時的日本政治需要,并學習唐朝團結(jié)兵制而建立的一種地方軍事制度;(2)為提高軍隊的質(zhì)量與實力,設(shè)置健兒田,負責健兒上番(輪值)期間的伙食供給,相較于軍團制,它將健兒從農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)中部分解放出來,不再是過去兵農(nóng)合一的狀態(tài);同時免除部分租稅(調(diào)),以促使健兒專注于訓練、上番等軍事活動上;(3)為確保政權(quán)穩(wěn)定,健兒的招募對象集中在郡司及有功之臣的子弟當中,將郡司、地方豪族、部分有功之臣等社會中間階層納入國家統(tǒng)治階級;(4)為加強對地方的控制,將負有當?shù)貒匦l(wèi)及治安警備職責的健兒歸由國司統(tǒng)領(lǐng),國司作為朝廷派遣的地方官,借掌握地方唯一合法的軍隊——健兒控制地方豪族勢力,以確保地方統(tǒng)治秩序的穩(wěn)定。然而,即便在隨后的一百年間,政府亦曾以強化健兒制為目的頒布政令,卻由于健兒制人數(shù)較少,且不能應(yīng)對九世紀接連不斷的地方亂局,以致于健兒制逐漸為地方臨時兵力所取代,并最終喪失掉作為軍事制度的地位。同時,雖然健兒制的實施將廣大農(nóng)民從征兵制的負擔中解放了出來,也促進了士兵向職業(yè)化發(fā)展的進程,但是由于健兒制無法適應(yīng)九世紀的社會變化和需要,從而導致國司在地方臨時發(fā)兵以鎮(zhèn)壓亂象,并由此引發(fā)地方權(quán)力的擴張和孕育了武士階級的"兵家"的登場,間接加速了律令國家的崩潰。國家政體影響軍事制度,軍事制度的改革同時影響政治格局的轉(zhuǎn)變與社會發(fā)展的進程。通過對健兒制的梳理和分析,有助于還原該制度在歷史上的真實形態(tài),進而對日本律令時期地方軍制的總體特征、政權(quán)的組織形式、社會關(guān)系構(gòu)成以及隨后獨特的發(fā)展歷程有更進一步的理解。
[Abstract]:From the end of the 7 th century to the beginning of the 10 th century, Japan emulated the Tang Dynasty to establish a legal system. Among them, the Legion was the earliest local military system of the country, which was an overall imitation of the military system of the Tang Dynasty, and also one of the important symbols of the law country. In the late period, the Guoya military system was considered by some scholars as the important reason for the birth of the samurai class. In Huanwu Dynasty, the only local military system reform in Huanwu Dynasty is actually the link and inflection point between the two. However, unlike the two systems mentioned above, at present, the related studies on the health care system are mostly a part of the overall study on the military system of law and order. Lack of systematic and in-depth analysis. In this paper, the author takes the health system implemented during the reign of the Emperor Huanwu as the research object, combs the background and content of the formation of the system, analyzes the characteristics and nature of the system, combining the historical data and the existing research results. The influence and historical significance of the changes and results in the implementation process of the following hundreds of years are investigated. Here, the author uses the research angle of the military system in China to analyze the system from four aspects: cultural ownership, the relationship between soldiers and farmers, the class of recruiting soldiers and the ownership of power. The conclusions are as follows: (1) Huanwu Emperor's bodybuilding system was a complete inheritance of Fujihara's Zhumaru period, in order to strengthen the centralization of power, to rebuild the state of law and order, and to meet the political needs of Japan at that time. And learn from the local military system established by the unity of soldiers in the Tang Dynasty; (2) in order to improve the quality and strength of the armed forces, they set up a field of children, who were responsible for the provision of food during the period of military service (rotation), compared with the system of legions. It freed the athletes partly from agricultural production and was no longer the former state of military, agricultural and agricultural cooperation; at the same time, it exempted some of the taxes (or transfers) to encourage them to concentrate on training and other military activities; (3) in order to ensure the stability of the regime, The recruitment targets of Jianer are concentrated among the county chiefs and the children of meritorious ministers, and the middle social strata, such as the county chiefs, local dignitaries, and some meritorious ministers, are brought into the national ruling class; (4) in order to strengthen local control, The officers who have the responsibility of guarding and policing the local government are put under the command of the State Department, which, as a local official dispatched by the court, controls the local power by holding the only legitimate local army-the athletes, in order to ensure the stability of the local ruling order. However, even in the next hundred years, the government issued decrees aimed at strengthening the health care system, but because of the relatively small number of healthy children, they were unable to cope with the local chaos of the ninth century. As a result, the fitness system was gradually replaced by local temporary forces, and eventually lost its position as a military system. At the same time, although the implementation of the fitness system freed the peasants from the burden of conscription and promoted the development of soldiers towards professionalism, it was unable to adapt to the social changes and needs of the ninth century. This led to the temporary dispatch of troops to suppress chaos, and the expansion of local power and the emergence of the "soldiers" who gave birth to the samurai class, which indirectly accelerated the collapse of the law and the state. The political system of the country influences the military system, and the reform of the military system also influences the transformation of the political pattern and the process of social development. By combing and analyzing the system, it is helpful to restore the real form of the system in history, and then to analyze the general characteristics of the local military system in the Japanese legal period and the organizational form of the political power. The composition of social relations and the subsequent unique development process have a better understanding.
【學位授予單位】：北京外國語大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：K313.2
本文編號：2207667
[Abstract]:From the end of the 7 th century to the beginning of the 10 th century, Japan emulated the Tang Dynasty to establish a legal system. Among them, the Legion was the earliest local military system of the country, which was an overall imitation of the military system of the Tang Dynasty, and also one of the important symbols of the law country. In the late period, the Guoya military system was considered by some scholars as the important reason for the birth of the samurai class. In Huanwu Dynasty, the only local military system reform in Huanwu Dynasty is actually the link and inflection point between the two. However, unlike the two systems mentioned above, at present, the related studies on the health care system are mostly a part of the overall study on the military system of law and order. Lack of systematic and in-depth analysis. In this paper, the author takes the health system implemented during the reign of the Emperor Huanwu as the research object, combs the background and content of the formation of the system, analyzes the characteristics and nature of the system, combining the historical data and the existing research results. The influence and historical significance of the changes and results in the implementation process of the following hundreds of years are investigated. Here, the author uses the research angle of the military system in China to analyze the system from four aspects: cultural ownership, the relationship between soldiers and farmers, the class of recruiting soldiers and the ownership of power. The conclusions are as follows: (1) Huanwu Emperor's bodybuilding system was a complete inheritance of Fujihara's Zhumaru period, in order to strengthen the centralization of power, to rebuild the state of law and order, and to meet the political needs of Japan at that time. And learn from the local military system established by the unity of soldiers in the Tang Dynasty; (2) in order to improve the quality and strength of the armed forces, they set up a field of children, who were responsible for the provision of food during the period of military service (rotation), compared with the system of legions. It freed the athletes partly from agricultural production and was no longer the former state of military, agricultural and agricultural cooperation; at the same time, it exempted some of the taxes (or transfers) to encourage them to concentrate on training and other military activities; (3) in order to ensure the stability of the regime, The recruitment targets of Jianer are concentrated among the county chiefs and the children of meritorious ministers, and the middle social strata, such as the county chiefs, local dignitaries, and some meritorious ministers, are brought into the national ruling class; (4) in order to strengthen local control, The officers who have the responsibility of guarding and policing the local government are put under the command of the State Department, which, as a local official dispatched by the court, controls the local power by holding the only legitimate local army-the athletes, in order to ensure the stability of the local ruling order. However, even in the next hundred years, the government issued decrees aimed at strengthening the health care system, but because of the relatively small number of healthy children, they were unable to cope with the local chaos of the ninth century. As a result, the fitness system was gradually replaced by local temporary forces, and eventually lost its position as a military system. At the same time, although the implementation of the fitness system freed the peasants from the burden of conscription and promoted the development of soldiers towards professionalism, it was unable to adapt to the social changes and needs of the ninth century. This led to the temporary dispatch of troops to suppress chaos, and the expansion of local power and the emergence of the "soldiers" who gave birth to the samurai class, which indirectly accelerated the collapse of the law and the state. The political system of the country influences the military system, and the reform of the military system also influences the transformation of the political pattern and the process of social development. By combing and analyzing the system, it is helpful to restore the real form of the system in history, and then to analyze the general characteristics of the local military system in the Japanese legal period and the organizational form of the political power. The composition of social relations and the subsequent unique development process have a better understanding.
【學位授予單位】：北京外國語大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：K313.2
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