淺析二十世紀(jì)后半期美國(guó)外交中的文化因素
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-08-24 16:38
【摘要】： 國(guó)家外交政策的制定與實(shí)施受到多種因素的影響,國(guó)家的外交行為在很大程度上是一個(gè)國(guó)家綜合實(shí)力的體現(xiàn)。這種綜合實(shí)力不但指人口、領(lǐng)土、經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力、軍事力量等硬實(shí)力,而且包括國(guó)際道義、價(jià)值觀、民主思想、政治制度、生活方式等所承載的文化因素,人們一般稱其為軟實(shí)力。文化因素在外交政策的制定與外交實(shí)踐中發(fā)揮著重要的作用。隨著全球化的發(fā)展,不同文化,包括政治文化之間的交流與碰撞日益增多,對(duì)國(guó)家的外交政策也產(chǎn)生了日益顯著的影響。探討外交政策中的文化因素成為學(xué)者關(guān)注的熱點(diǎn)。20世紀(jì)后半期以來(lái),美國(guó)成為世界實(shí)力最強(qiáng)的超級(jí)大國(guó)。在全球推廣其文化、價(jià)值觀以及政治制度成為美國(guó)歷屆政府的一項(xiàng)重要任務(wù)。文化是構(gòu)成一個(gè)國(guó)家或民族特性的一部分。建構(gòu)主義理論認(rèn)為,文化不僅影響國(guó)家行為的各種動(dòng)機(jī),而且還影響國(guó)家的基本特征,即所謂的國(guó)家認(rèn)同。從文化視角觀察和分析國(guó)際問(wèn)題是當(dāng)代國(guó)際政治理論研究的一個(gè)重要特點(diǎn)。對(duì)于美國(guó)來(lái)講,作為世界上的超級(jí)大國(guó),美國(guó)的政治文化與外交政策緊密結(jié)合,對(duì)國(guó)際關(guān)系有著重要影響。 縱觀20世紀(jì)后半期美國(guó)的外交政策,我們可以看出,無(wú)論是冷戰(zhàn)初期美國(guó)推出的馬歇爾計(jì)劃和杜魯門主義,還是60年代的古巴導(dǎo)彈危機(jī)和越南戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng),美國(guó)在制定和執(zhí)行其外交政策時(shí)始終貫穿著一條清晰的政治文化思想主線:反對(duì)激進(jìn)性的社會(huì)變革活動(dòng),抵制社會(huì)主義國(guó)家的無(wú)產(chǎn)階級(jí)專政;支持溫和性的改良主義活動(dòng),贊成權(quán)力分散和個(gè)人自由。正是在這種政治文化思想的指導(dǎo)下,美國(guó)對(duì)古巴和越南的民族解放運(yùn)動(dòng)竭力鎮(zhèn)壓,對(duì)中國(guó)和蘇聯(lián)的社會(huì)主義運(yùn)動(dòng)大肆攻擊,百般詆毀,恨之入骨。也正是在這種政治文化思想的指導(dǎo)下,美國(guó)在冷戰(zhàn)期間積極扶植德國(guó)、日本、意大利等剛在二戰(zhàn)中被打敗但卻認(rèn)同美國(guó)政治文化價(jià)值觀的所謂民主國(guó)家。八十年代以來(lái),尤其是后冷戰(zhàn)時(shí)代開始以來(lái),美國(guó)外交政策中的政治文化因素愈顯突出,其中“人權(quán)外交”、“主權(quán)在民”、“自由市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)”等最為明顯。不難看出,美國(guó)的外交政策中無(wú)可辯駁的反映出美國(guó)人的政治文化觀念。事實(shí)上,自冷戰(zhàn)開始以來(lái),尤其是世界進(jìn)入后冷戰(zhàn)時(shí)代之后,美國(guó)政府一直在竭力向世界推行、兜售美國(guó)人的政治文化觀念,企圖使美國(guó)模式變成“放之四海而皆準(zhǔn)”的模式,用美國(guó)形象來(lái)重塑世界。 通過(guò)考察20世紀(jì)后半期美國(guó)的外交政策可以看出,不論是實(shí)行與蘇聯(lián)的對(duì)抗政策還是在冷戰(zhàn)后謀求全球霸權(quán),美國(guó)的政治文化都起到重要作用。美國(guó)需要在全世界推行民主制度、市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)體制和人權(quán)價(jià)值觀。盡管美國(guó)推行這種文化價(jià)值觀在一定程度上有利于全球民主政治的發(fā)展,但從實(shí)質(zhì)上看,是美國(guó)推行霸權(quán)的有力工具和重要手段。
[Abstract]:The formulation and implementation of national foreign policy are influenced by many factors. To a great extent, the diplomatic behavior of a country is the embodiment of a country's comprehensive strength. This kind of comprehensive strength not only refers to the hard power of population, territory, economy and military power, but also includes the cultural factors carried by international morality, values, democratic thought, political system, life style and so on, which is generally called soft power. Cultural factors play an important role in the formulation and practice of foreign policy. With the development of globalization, the exchange and collision between different cultures, including political culture, is increasing, which has an increasingly significant influence on the foreign policy of the country. Since the second half of the 20th century, the United States has become the most powerful superpower in the world. Spreading its culture, values, and political system around the world has become an important task for successive US administrations. Culture is part of the identity of a nation or nation. The theory of constructivism holds that culture not only affects the motives of state behavior, but also affects the basic characteristics of the state, that is, the so-called national identity. Observing and analyzing international issues from a cultural perspective is an important feature of contemporary international political theory. For the United States, as a superpower in the world, its political culture is closely combined with its foreign policy, which has an important influence on international relations. Looking at the foreign policy of the United States in the second half of the 20th century, we can see whether it was the Marshall Plan and Truman Doctrine launched by the United States at the beginning of the Cold War, or the Cuban missile crisis and the Vietnam War in the 1960s. In formulating and implementing its foreign policy, the United States has always been running through a clear line of political and cultural thinking: opposing radical social change activities, resisting the dictatorship of the proletariat in socialist countries, and supporting moderate reformist activities. In favour of decentralization and personal freedom. It was under the guidance of this political and cultural thought that the United States tried its best to suppress the national liberation movements in Cuba and Vietnam, and attacked the socialist movement of China and the Soviet Union with all sorts of vilification and hatred. Under the guidance of this political and cultural ideology, the United States actively nurtured Germany, Japan and Italy during the Cold War and other so-called democratic countries which had just been defeated in World War II but agreed with the values of American political culture. Since the 1980s, especially since the beginning of the post-Cold War era, the political and cultural factors in American foreign policy have become more prominent, including "human rights diplomacy", "sovereignty in the people", "free market economy" and so on. It is not difficult to see that American political and cultural ideas are indisputably reflected in American foreign policy. In fact, since the beginning of the Cold War, especially after the world entered the post-cold-war era, the United States Government has been trying to promote the American political and cultural concepts to the world, in an attempt to make the American model a "one-size-fits-all" model. Use the American image to reshape the world. By examining the foreign policy of the United States in the second half of the 20th century, it can be seen that American political culture plays an important role in both the policy of confrontation with the Soviet Union and the pursuit of global hegemony after the Cold War. The United States needs to promote democracy, market economy and human rights values around the world. Although it is beneficial to the development of democratic politics in the world to some extent, it is actually a powerful tool and an important means for the United States to carry out hegemony.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：東北師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2007
【分類號(hào)】：K712.5
本文編號(hào)：2201396
[Abstract]:The formulation and implementation of national foreign policy are influenced by many factors. To a great extent, the diplomatic behavior of a country is the embodiment of a country's comprehensive strength. This kind of comprehensive strength not only refers to the hard power of population, territory, economy and military power, but also includes the cultural factors carried by international morality, values, democratic thought, political system, life style and so on, which is generally called soft power. Cultural factors play an important role in the formulation and practice of foreign policy. With the development of globalization, the exchange and collision between different cultures, including political culture, is increasing, which has an increasingly significant influence on the foreign policy of the country. Since the second half of the 20th century, the United States has become the most powerful superpower in the world. Spreading its culture, values, and political system around the world has become an important task for successive US administrations. Culture is part of the identity of a nation or nation. The theory of constructivism holds that culture not only affects the motives of state behavior, but also affects the basic characteristics of the state, that is, the so-called national identity. Observing and analyzing international issues from a cultural perspective is an important feature of contemporary international political theory. For the United States, as a superpower in the world, its political culture is closely combined with its foreign policy, which has an important influence on international relations. Looking at the foreign policy of the United States in the second half of the 20th century, we can see whether it was the Marshall Plan and Truman Doctrine launched by the United States at the beginning of the Cold War, or the Cuban missile crisis and the Vietnam War in the 1960s. In formulating and implementing its foreign policy, the United States has always been running through a clear line of political and cultural thinking: opposing radical social change activities, resisting the dictatorship of the proletariat in socialist countries, and supporting moderate reformist activities. In favour of decentralization and personal freedom. It was under the guidance of this political and cultural thought that the United States tried its best to suppress the national liberation movements in Cuba and Vietnam, and attacked the socialist movement of China and the Soviet Union with all sorts of vilification and hatred. Under the guidance of this political and cultural ideology, the United States actively nurtured Germany, Japan and Italy during the Cold War and other so-called democratic countries which had just been defeated in World War II but agreed with the values of American political culture. Since the 1980s, especially since the beginning of the post-Cold War era, the political and cultural factors in American foreign policy have become more prominent, including "human rights diplomacy", "sovereignty in the people", "free market economy" and so on. It is not difficult to see that American political and cultural ideas are indisputably reflected in American foreign policy. In fact, since the beginning of the Cold War, especially after the world entered the post-cold-war era, the United States Government has been trying to promote the American political and cultural concepts to the world, in an attempt to make the American model a "one-size-fits-all" model. Use the American image to reshape the world. By examining the foreign policy of the United States in the second half of the 20th century, it can be seen that American political culture plays an important role in both the policy of confrontation with the Soviet Union and the pursuit of global hegemony after the Cold War. The United States needs to promote democracy, market economy and human rights values around the world. Although it is beneficial to the development of democratic politics in the world to some extent, it is actually a powerful tool and an important means for the United States to carry out hegemony.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：東北師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2007
【分類號(hào)】：K712.5
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