淺析民族人民黨在魏瑪共和國滅亡過程中的作用
發(fā)布時間：2018-08-20 10:18
【摘要】：在魏瑪共和國的政黨政治中,民族人民黨是最主要的保守主義反對黨,它誕生于一戰(zhàn)末期德國十一月革命引發(fā)的社會混亂局勢當(dāng)中,解散于1933年希特勒上臺后,在國內(nèi)強力推行納粹黨獨裁統(tǒng)治時期。在其存續(xù)的短暫歷史中,它始終以推翻共和國,重建君主主義政體為目標,雖然民族人民黨的反共和運動不是魏瑪共和國滅亡的直接原因,但卻在這個過程中發(fā)揮了極為關(guān)鍵的作用,本文的寫作目的就是對該作用做出較為詳細的分析解釋。魏瑪共和國的發(fā)展經(jīng)歷了三個階段:共和國成立起至道威斯計劃簽訂前的社會動蕩期;道威斯計劃簽訂后至經(jīng)濟大危機爆發(fā)前的相對穩(wěn)定期;經(jīng)濟大危機爆發(fā)后到希特勒奪取政權(quán)的共和國瓦解期。作為主要的反對黨,民族人民黨在這三個階段采取了不同的反共和措施,并造成了不同的政治后果,故也成為本文正文部分劃分章節(jié)的主要的依據(jù)。本文主要由三部分組成:緒論、正文和結(jié)語。緒論部分主要說明本文的選題依據(jù)和研究意義,同時還簡要梳理了國內(nèi)外學(xué)界對該主題的研究現(xiàn)狀。正文部分依時間順序分為三章。第一章主要論述民族人民黨成立的背景、過程及其成立初期進行的反共和國運動。十一月革命爆發(fā)后,由社會民主黨主導(dǎo)的中左派政黨建立了臨時政府,但它沒有利用有利條件在國內(nèi)推行徹底的民主化改革,反而向保守主義者妥協(xié),為民族人民黨的成立奠定了社會基礎(chǔ)。第二帝國時期的保守主義政黨為了在新的共和國政權(quán)中求得生存,經(jīng)過簡單的協(xié)商,聯(lián)合成立了反共和、反民主的民族人民黨,但其內(nèi)部固有矛盾并沒有得到根本解決。剛成立時,民族人民黨的力量還比較弱小,雖無力反抗民主政權(quán),但它卻暗中支持、參與了卡普暴動,并利用政府外交危機廣泛吸收保守主義選民。此外,它還運用大眾傳媒工具大肆中傷共和國,營造了保守的社會氛圍,由此引發(fā)了兩起針對共和國部長的刺殺活動。第二章著重分析成為議會大黨后的民族人民黨,在共和國的相對穩(wěn)定期,對政府的內(nèi)政外交施加的影響及其自身內(nèi)部矛盾的發(fā)展。極端保守主義的暴動奪權(quán)計劃遭遇失敗后,國內(nèi)的反共和力量大多聚集在了民族人民黨的旗下,使它迅速發(fā)展成議會的主要政黨,然而,此時的黨內(nèi)矛盾也在逐漸發(fā)展。魯爾危機后,魏瑪政府積極與協(xié)約國接觸,構(gòu)建了有利的外交局勢,隨后,大量外部資金涌入了國內(nèi),共和國的經(jīng)濟迅速恢復(fù),社會走向穩(wěn)定。在外交上,民族人民黨的中央領(lǐng)導(dǎo)接受了現(xiàn)實變化,開始變得理性化,對政府的態(tài)度也趨于緩和,然而黨的基層組織依舊將民族尊嚴與國家榮譽放在第一位,堅決反對政府與協(xié)約國簽訂道威斯計劃和洛迦諾公約,這也成為黨日后分裂的根本原因;在內(nèi)政上,民族人民黨短暫參加了兩次內(nèi)閣,雖然沒有取得重大的政治成果,但成功使共和國的政治局勢發(fā)生了右轉(zhuǎn),也反映了國內(nèi)保守主義的復(fù)興。第三章重點闡釋極端化后的民族人民黨對待共和政權(quán)的頑固反對態(tài)度,及其在納粹黨崛起過程中發(fā)揮的作用和為阻止希特勒建立獨裁統(tǒng)治所做的努力。極端保守主義者胡根貝格出任黨首后,民族人民黨對待政府的態(tài)度發(fā)生了根本性的轉(zhuǎn)變,它拒絕與政府的一切合作,為了推翻共和政權(quán),反而不惜與納粹黨聯(lián)合,組建極端的哈茨堡陣線。在經(jīng)濟危機的沉重打擊下,國內(nèi)中產(chǎn)階級大量破產(chǎn),德國社會再次陷入混亂,憑借胡根貝格在資金和宣傳上的大力支持,納粹黨成功吸引了對現(xiàn)狀不滿的選民,迅速成長為國會第一大黨,民族人民黨卻日漸衰落。希特勒獲權(quán)組閣后,胡根貝格也加入了新內(nèi)閣,企圖阻止希特勒建立納粹黨的獨裁統(tǒng)治,但卻以失敗告終,民族人民黨在納粹黨的不斷打擊下也被迫宣告解散。結(jié)語部分主要是對民族人民黨在魏瑪共和國走向滅亡過程中發(fā)揮的作用做了進一步的梳理和總結(jié),并結(jié)合時政,分析了近年來歐美保守主義的復(fù)興給全球化進程帶來的挑戰(zhàn)以及不斷滋長的民族主義給世界和平帶來的威脅。
[Abstract]:Nationalist People's Party is the most important conservative opposition party in the political party politics of the Weimar Republic. It was born in the social chaos caused by the November Revolution in Germany at the end of World War I. After Hitler came to power in 1933, the Nationalist People's Party vigorously pursued the Nazi dictatorship in China. Although the anti-Republican movement of the National People's Party was not the direct cause of the destruction of the Weimar Republic, it played a crucial role in the process. The purpose of this paper is to make a more detailed analysis and explanation of this role. The development of the Weimar Republic has gone through three stages. Duan: The period of social unrest between the founding of the Republic and the signing of the Dowes Plan; the period of relative stability between the signing of the Dowes Plan and the outbreak of the Great Economic Crisis; and the period of the collapse of the Republic after the outbreak of the Great Economic Crisis and the seizure of power by Hitler. This article mainly consists of three parts: the introduction, the main body and the conclusion. The introduction part mainly explains the basis and the significance of this paper, and also briefly reviews the research status of this topic in domestic and foreign academic circles. The first chapter mainly discusses the background, process and anti-Republican movement of the founding of the National People's Party. After the outbreak of the November Revolution, the Central Left Party led by the Social Democratic Party established the interim government, but it did not take advantage of the favorable conditions to carry out thorough democratization reform in China, instead, it was conservative. In order to survive in the new Republican regime, the Conservative Party of the Second Imperial Period, after simple consultation, jointly established the anti-Republican and anti-democratic National People's Party, but its inherent contradictions were not fundamentally solved. The party's strength is still weak, though it is unable to resist the Democratic regime, but it secretly supported, participated in the Kapp riots, and used the government's diplomatic crisis to attract conservative voters. In addition, it also used mass media tools to slander the republic, creating a conservative social atmosphere, which triggered two assassinations against the Minister of the republic. Chapter Two focuses on the influence of the National People's Party on the government's internal and foreign affairs and the development of its own internal contradictions during the period of relative stability of the Republic. After the Ruhr crisis, the Weimar government actively contacted the allies and constructed a favorable diplomatic situation. Subsequently, a large amount of external funds poured into the country, the Republic's economy recovered rapidly and the society became stable. The central leadership accepted the realistic changes, began to become rational, and tended to ease the attitude towards the government. However, the Party's grassroots organizations still put national dignity and national honor first, and firmly opposed the signing of the Dawes Plan and the Locano Convention between the government and the Allied countries, which became the fundamental reason for the split of the Party in the future. The Democratic Party briefly participated in two cabinets, although it did not achieve significant political results, but it succeeded in turning the political situation in the Republic to the right, reflecting the revival of domestic conservatism. Chapter III focuses on the extremized NPC's stubborn opposition to the Republican power and its role in the rise of the Nazi Party. After Huggenberg became the party leader, the attitude of the Nationalist People's Party towards the government changed fundamentally. It refused to cooperate with the government. In order to overthrow the republic, it did not hesitate to unite with the Nazis to form an extreme Hartsburg Front. With the financial and propaganda support of Hugenberg, the Nazi Party successfully attracted dissatisfied voters and grew rapidly into the largest party in Congress, while the National People's Party declined. After Hitler was empowered to form a cabinet, Hugenberg became the first party in Congress. He also joined the new cabinet in an attempt to prevent Hitler from establishing the dictatorship of the Nazi Party, but failed, and the National People's Party was forced to dissolve under the constant attack of the Nazi Party. The current politics analyzes the challenges to the globalization process brought by the revival of conservatism in Europe and America in recent years and the threats to world peace brought by the growing nationalism.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：南京大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：K516.43
本文編號：2193253
[Abstract]:Nationalist People's Party is the most important conservative opposition party in the political party politics of the Weimar Republic. It was born in the social chaos caused by the November Revolution in Germany at the end of World War I. After Hitler came to power in 1933, the Nationalist People's Party vigorously pursued the Nazi dictatorship in China. Although the anti-Republican movement of the National People's Party was not the direct cause of the destruction of the Weimar Republic, it played a crucial role in the process. The purpose of this paper is to make a more detailed analysis and explanation of this role. The development of the Weimar Republic has gone through three stages. Duan: The period of social unrest between the founding of the Republic and the signing of the Dowes Plan; the period of relative stability between the signing of the Dowes Plan and the outbreak of the Great Economic Crisis; and the period of the collapse of the Republic after the outbreak of the Great Economic Crisis and the seizure of power by Hitler. This article mainly consists of three parts: the introduction, the main body and the conclusion. The introduction part mainly explains the basis and the significance of this paper, and also briefly reviews the research status of this topic in domestic and foreign academic circles. The first chapter mainly discusses the background, process and anti-Republican movement of the founding of the National People's Party. After the outbreak of the November Revolution, the Central Left Party led by the Social Democratic Party established the interim government, but it did not take advantage of the favorable conditions to carry out thorough democratization reform in China, instead, it was conservative. In order to survive in the new Republican regime, the Conservative Party of the Second Imperial Period, after simple consultation, jointly established the anti-Republican and anti-democratic National People's Party, but its inherent contradictions were not fundamentally solved. The party's strength is still weak, though it is unable to resist the Democratic regime, but it secretly supported, participated in the Kapp riots, and used the government's diplomatic crisis to attract conservative voters. In addition, it also used mass media tools to slander the republic, creating a conservative social atmosphere, which triggered two assassinations against the Minister of the republic. Chapter Two focuses on the influence of the National People's Party on the government's internal and foreign affairs and the development of its own internal contradictions during the period of relative stability of the Republic. After the Ruhr crisis, the Weimar government actively contacted the allies and constructed a favorable diplomatic situation. Subsequently, a large amount of external funds poured into the country, the Republic's economy recovered rapidly and the society became stable. The central leadership accepted the realistic changes, began to become rational, and tended to ease the attitude towards the government. However, the Party's grassroots organizations still put national dignity and national honor first, and firmly opposed the signing of the Dawes Plan and the Locano Convention between the government and the Allied countries, which became the fundamental reason for the split of the Party in the future. The Democratic Party briefly participated in two cabinets, although it did not achieve significant political results, but it succeeded in turning the political situation in the Republic to the right, reflecting the revival of domestic conservatism. Chapter III focuses on the extremized NPC's stubborn opposition to the Republican power and its role in the rise of the Nazi Party. After Huggenberg became the party leader, the attitude of the Nationalist People's Party towards the government changed fundamentally. It refused to cooperate with the government. In order to overthrow the republic, it did not hesitate to unite with the Nazis to form an extreme Hartsburg Front. With the financial and propaganda support of Hugenberg, the Nazi Party successfully attracted dissatisfied voters and grew rapidly into the largest party in Congress, while the National People's Party declined. After Hitler was empowered to form a cabinet, Hugenberg became the first party in Congress. He also joined the new cabinet in an attempt to prevent Hitler from establishing the dictatorship of the Nazi Party, but failed, and the National People's Party was forced to dissolve under the constant attack of the Nazi Party. The current politics analyzes the challenges to the globalization process brought by the revival of conservatism in Europe and America in recent years and the threats to world peace brought by the growing nationalism.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：南京大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：K516.43
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