【摘要】：縱觀古希臘農業(yè)經濟史,自耕農經濟表現(xiàn)出靈活的適應性。它根植于古希臘不同類型的若干城邦、同一城邦的不同歷史時期內,雖面臨著多重因素造成的諸多經濟風險,但仍保持著頑強的生命力。古典時期雅典自耕農對經濟風險已經形成了一整套嚴密的應對機制,對此的研究有助于我們更加深刻地了解古典時期雅典的社會經濟特點,同時對古代其他國家小農經濟的經濟風險研究具有重要的借鑒意義。 基于此,本文主要以古典史料為基礎,借鑒近現(xiàn)代學者尤其是近二十年來考古學家對古希臘城鎮(zhèn)和鄉(xiāng)村遺址的挖掘與研究成果,結合考古學、歷史地理學和經濟學等相關學科知識,綜合運用歷史分析和文史互證的歷史研究方法,對自耕農階層進行界定,論述自耕農經濟的特征,以歷史唯物主義思想為指導,具體分析自耕農經濟面臨的一系列風險與危機,并嘗試探討自耕農是如何應對和解決這些經濟風險與危機的。 全文由緒言、正文、結語和參考文獻四部分組成,其中正文分為三部分。 緒言介紹了國內外學術界對本課題及相關問題的研究現(xiàn)狀,概述了本文選題的學術價值和意義。 正文由三部分組成。 第一部分,筆者首先對自耕農階層進行了明確的定義,指出自耕農是擁有一定數(shù)量的土地財產并親自耕耘土地的雅典公民；然后從法律地位、社會經濟地位和思想文化地位等方面勾勒了雅典自耕農的基本特征；最后,就土地經營模式、勞動力的使用和經濟目的等三方面概括自耕農經濟的特色,自耕農采取親自耕作的經營模式,以農業(yè)的集約化生產為主,農林牧副漁多種經濟共同發(fā)展的經濟模式；以使用家庭內的勞動力為主,但并不排除使用奴隸或雇工的可能性；以自給自足的經濟目的為主的同時,也將商品經濟作為必要的補充。 第二部分,筆者重點討論了自耕農面臨的經濟風險,以自耕農經濟風險的表現(xiàn)和經濟風險的成因,這兩個方面分別進行論述。筆者認為自耕農普遍面臨著干旱、洪澇、冰雹等自然風險和土地兼并、戰(zhàn)爭等社會風險的威脅；明確指出這些經濟風險是雅典變幻莫測的氣候、惡劣的地理環(huán)境、頻繁爆發(fā)的戰(zhàn)爭和社會本身的政治經濟體制弊端造成的。 第三部分,筆者著重探討了自耕農應對經濟風險與危機的策略。古典時期的雅典自耕農已經形成了完善的解決經濟風險的機制,從性質上可以劃分為：適應性措施和應對性策略；從適用的范圍來說可分為家庭內的、城邦共同體內的和城邦范圍外的應對策略。家庭內的應對策略包括：土地的分散化和農作物的多樣化相結合、靈活多變的生產策略、直接存儲食物、畜牧業(yè)和采集漁獵；而城邦共同體內的應對策略涉及到由親屬、鄰居和朋友以及恩主構成的人際關系援助網絡,城邦范圍外的策略是進口糧食、殖民運動和宗教干預。
[Abstract]:Throughout the history of agricultural economy in ancient Greece, the peasant economy showed flexible adaptability. It is rooted in different types of city-states in ancient Greece, and in different historical periods of the same city-state, although it faces many economic risks caused by many factors, it still maintains its tenacious vitality. In the classical period, the Athenian farmers have formed a set of strict coping mechanisms to deal with economic risks. The study on this has helped us to understand more deeply the social and economic characteristics of Athens during the classical period. At the same time, it has important reference significance for the study of the economic risk of small peasant economy in other ancient countries. Based on this, this paper mainly based on classical historical data, drawing lessons from modern scholars, especially archaeologists in the past two decades to excavate and research ancient Greek cities and towns and rural sites, combined with archaeology, The historical geography, economics and other related disciplines, using the historical analysis and historical cross-attestation of historical research methods, define the peasant stratum, discuss the characteristics of the peasant economy, and take the historical materialism as the guide. This paper analyzes a series of risks and crises faced by the peasant economy, and tries to discuss how to deal with and solve these economic risks and crises. The full text consists of four parts: introduction, text, conclusion and reference, in which the text is divided into three parts. The preface introduces the research status of this topic and related issues in academic circles at home and abroad, and summarizes the academic value and significance of this topic. The text consists of three parts. In the first part, the author gives a clear definition of the peasant stratum, and points out that the farmer is a citizen of Athens who owns a certain amount of land property and cultivates the land himself, and then from the legal status, Social and economic status and ideological and cultural status outline the basic characteristics of the Athenian farmers; finally, from the land management model, the use of labor force and economic purposes, the characteristics of the farming economy are summarized. The farmer adopts the management mode of farming in person, mainly in the intensive production of agriculture, and in the economic mode of common development of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, by-fishery and many other kinds of economy, mainly using the labor force in the family, but does not rule out the possibility of using slaves or hired workers; At the same time, the commodity economy is taken as a necessary supplement. In the second part, the author mainly discusses the economic risks faced by the farmers, and discusses the performance of the economic risks and the causes of the economic risks respectively. The author believes that farmers are generally faced with natural risks such as drought, flood, hail, land annexation, war and other social risks, and clearly points out that these economic risks are the unpredictable climate and harsh geographical environment of Athens. The frequent outbreak of war and the malpractice of society's own political and economic system. In the third part, the author focuses on the strategies for farmers to deal with economic risks and crises. The classical Athenian farmers have formed a perfect mechanism to solve economic risks, which can be divided into adaptive measures and coping strategies in nature, and can be divided into the family from the scope of application. Coping strategies within and outside the city-state community. Family coping strategies include a combination of land diversification and crop diversification, flexible production strategies, direct storage of food, animal husbandry, and fishing and hunting, while in the city-state community, coping strategies involve relatives. Neighbors and friends as well as benefactors form a network of interpersonal aid, outside the city-state 's strategy of importing food, the colonial movement, and religious intervention.
【學位授予單位】：陜西師范大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：K125

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