【摘要】： 美國(guó)內(nèi)戰(zhàn)是工業(yè)革命之后的第一次大規(guī)模戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。在美國(guó)軍事史和世界軍事史上都具有重要地位。本文主要從軍事體系的角度來(lái)研究美國(guó)內(nèi)戰(zhàn)。軍事體系包括軍事思想和軍事制度兩個(gè)方面。兩者具有相互作用的關(guān)系,同時(shí),軍事體系的構(gòu)建也受到政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、科技等外部因素的影響。 本文的第一章回顧了美國(guó)內(nèi)戰(zhàn)前的美國(guó)軍事體系演變。殖民地時(shí)代是美國(guó)軍事體系的萌芽階段,民兵制是主要特點(diǎn)。獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)時(shí)期,正規(guī)軍和民兵并行的軍事體系使美國(guó)贏得了戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。建國(guó)之后,華盛頓、漢密爾頓都對(duì)美國(guó)的軍事建設(shè)提出了建議。1787年的美國(guó)憲法確立了重要的軍事原則:中央集權(quán)、文官治軍和三權(quán)分立。內(nèi)戰(zhàn)前,正是美國(guó)軍隊(duì)正規(guī)化建設(shè)時(shí)期,現(xiàn)代的軍事思想初步形成,軍隊(duì)的職業(yè)化建設(shè)也進(jìn)入了一個(gè)新的時(shí)期�？偟目磥�(lái),美國(guó)軍事體系的演變特點(diǎn)是逐步規(guī)范化和現(xiàn)代化。 本文的第二章介紹了美國(guó)內(nèi)戰(zhàn)中北方的軍事體系。北方的戰(zhàn)略思想經(jīng)歷了幾次變化,戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)開(kāi)始,北方采取了有限目標(biāo)的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)戰(zhàn)略,因而沒(méi)有發(fā)揮出軍事體系的優(yōu)勢(shì),北方在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)初期遭遇了失敗。戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)后期,以格蘭特為代表的總體戰(zhàn)戰(zhàn)略幫助北方最終贏得了戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。北方的人力動(dòng)員是以征召志愿兵為主要手段的,戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中,也采用了義務(wù)兵役制。人力動(dòng)員為北方提供了大量兵員,使北方建立起了強(qiáng)大的軍事力量。北方強(qiáng)大的經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力則保證了這些軍隊(duì)的武器和后勤供應(yīng)。盡管初期的軍事后勤存在著不足,但是通過(guò)改革,北方建立了良好的后勤供應(yīng)體制,并圓滿完成了任務(wù)。為了籌集戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)經(jīng)費(fèi),北方主要采取了提高稅收、發(fā)行戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)公債和政府發(fā)行貨幣的措施。 本文第三章介紹了南方的軍事體系。南方的經(jīng)濟(jì)基礎(chǔ)薄弱,但是戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)準(zhǔn)備比較充分。南方軍事思想中,戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)主要目的是維持自己的獨(dú)立,迫使北方承認(rèn)這個(gè)現(xiàn)實(shí),以此保全南部存在的經(jīng)濟(jì)根基——奴隸制。所以南方一開(kāi)始采取了積極防御戰(zhàn)略。隨著戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的升級(jí),南方薄弱的經(jīng)濟(jì)和人口資源不能維持戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng),南方又采取了進(jìn)攻戰(zhàn)略以求速?zèng)Q。南方率先進(jìn)行了強(qiáng)制征兵,因?yàn)檎髡倮щy,征召的范圍逐步擴(kuò)大,措施的力度也不斷增加。南部邦聯(lián)工業(yè)基礎(chǔ)薄弱,盡管做了很多的努力,南方的后勤保障體系最終被戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)拖垮。為了籌集戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)經(jīng)費(fèi),南部增加稅收的同時(shí),大量增發(fā)國(guó)債和債券。最終導(dǎo)致了經(jīng)濟(jì)體系的崩潰。南部邦聯(lián)的一個(gè)很重要的戰(zhàn)略思路就是謀求歐洲列強(qiáng)的干涉,但是,隨著南部戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)外交在歐洲的失敗,這個(gè)思路也化為泡影。第四章介紹了雙方軍事體系的交鋒以及在交鋒中表現(xiàn)出的優(yōu)勢(shì)與不足。戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的第一階段,北方在東線戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上不斷失利。從軍事體系的角度看,這一階段,北方在軍事思想、指揮系統(tǒng)、軍隊(duì)?wèi)?zhàn)斗力、人力動(dòng)員,軍事后勤等方面都弱于南方。內(nèi)戰(zhàn)中,北方進(jìn)行了軍事改革,用革命的方式進(jìn)行戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng),修正了軍事體系中不合理的因素,北方開(kāi)始在戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上獲得勝利,最終扭轉(zhuǎn)了戰(zhàn)局,取得了勝利。本文指出,在南北方的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)進(jìn)入總體戰(zhàn)模式之后,軍事動(dòng)員和軍事后勤的作用就超過(guò)了其他軍事因素。而北方具有雄厚的經(jīng)濟(jì)基礎(chǔ)作為保證,這也是北方最終取得勝利的原因。 本文第五章論述美國(guó)內(nèi)戰(zhàn)在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)史上的地位,分析了美國(guó)內(nèi)戰(zhàn)中戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)形式的變化,由此突出了美國(guó)內(nèi)戰(zhàn)中軍事體系的重要性。本章分析了內(nèi)戰(zhàn)中軍事思想的變化,同時(shí)對(duì)美國(guó)內(nèi)戰(zhàn)中軍事體系對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)生活和內(nèi)戰(zhàn)后軍事建設(shè)的影響做了分析。結(jié)語(yǔ)中,對(duì)總體戰(zhàn)戰(zhàn)略做了簡(jiǎn)單的思考。 本文的主要?jiǎng)?chuàng)新在于,確定了軍事體系的概念,并用軍事體系這個(gè)整體分析視角去研究戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的勝負(fù)原因。避免了武裝力量決定論、道義致勝和經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力決定論的片面。同時(shí),指出在有限戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)和總體戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中軍事體系的各個(gè)因素所發(fā)揮的作用是不一的。另外,本文對(duì)內(nèi)戰(zhàn)中軍事體系的重要因素——戰(zhàn)略思想做了源流的梳理,并做了新的評(píng)價(jià)。同時(shí),對(duì)美國(guó)內(nèi)戰(zhàn)中的軍事體系做了較為全面的展示。
[Abstract]:The American Civil War is the first large-scale war after the Industrial Revolution. It has an important position in both the American military history and the world military history. Construction is also influenced by external factors such as politics, economy, science and technology.
The first chapter reviews the evolution of the American military system before the Civil War. The colonial era was the embryonic stage of the American military system, and the militia system was the main characteristic. The United States Constitution of 1787 established important military principles: centralization of power, civilian rule of the army and separation of powers. Before the Civil War, it was during the period of the formal construction of the United States army that modern military ideas took shape and military professionalization entered a new period. Standardization and modernization.
The second chapter introduces the military system of the North in the American Civil War.The strategic thinking of the North has undergone several changes.At the beginning of the war,the North has adopted a war strategy with limited objectives,so it has not exerted its superiority of the military system.The North has met with defeat in the early stage of the war.At the end of the war,the general strategic Gang represented by Grant has been involved in the war. Manpower mobilization provided the North with a large number of soldiers, thus establishing a strong military force. The North's strong economic strength guaranteed the supply of weapons and logistics for these armies. In order to raise funds for the war, the northern government mainly adopted measures of raising taxes, issuing war bonds and issuing currency.
In the southern military thought, the main purpose of the war was to maintain its independence and force the north to acknowledge this reality, so as to preserve the economic foundation of the south-slavery. With the escalation of the war, the weak economic and population resources of the South were unable to sustain the war, and the South adopted an offensive strategy for quick decision. The Southern logistics system was eventually dragged down by the war. In order to raise the money for the war, the southern government increased taxes and issued a large number of bonds and bonds, which eventually led to the collapse of the economic system. Chapter Four introduces the confrontation of the military systems of the two sides and their advantages and disadvantages in the confrontation. In the first stage of the war, the North has been losing ground in the eastern battlefield. In the Civil War, the North carried out military reforms, carried out wars in a revolutionary way, corrected the irrational factors in the military system, and began to win in the battlefield, eventually reversed the situation and won a victory. The North has a strong economic base as a guarantee, which is why it finally won.
The fifth chapter discusses the position of the American Civil War in the history of war, analyzes the changes of the forms of war in the American Civil War, and highlights the importance of the military system in the American Civil War. In the conclusion, we made a simple thought on the overall strategy.
The main innovation of this paper is that it defines the concept of military system and studies the causes of victory and defeat of war from the perspective of military system as a whole. In addition, this paper combs the origin of the important factor of the military system in the Civil War, the strategic thought, and makes a new evaluation.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2009
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：E712.9;K712

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