美國內戰(zhàn)中的軍事體系研究
發(fā)布時間：2018-08-17 13:37
【摘要】： 美國內戰(zhàn)是工業(yè)革命之后的第一次大規(guī)模戰(zhàn)爭。在美國軍事史和世界軍事史上都具有重要地位。本文主要從軍事體系的角度來研究美國內戰(zhàn)。軍事體系包括軍事思想和軍事制度兩個方面。兩者具有相互作用的關系,同時,軍事體系的構建也受到政治、經濟、科技等外部因素的影響。 本文的第一章回顧了美國內戰(zhàn)前的美國軍事體系演變。殖民地時代是美國軍事體系的萌芽階段,民兵制是主要特點。獨立戰(zhàn)爭時期,正規(guī)軍和民兵并行的軍事體系使美國贏得了戰(zhàn)爭。建國之后,華盛頓、漢密爾頓都對美國的軍事建設提出了建議。1787年的美國憲法確立了重要的軍事原則:中央集權、文官治軍和三權分立。內戰(zhàn)前,正是美國軍隊正規(guī)化建設時期,現(xiàn)代的軍事思想初步形成,軍隊的職業(yè)化建設也進入了一個新的時期�？偟目磥�,美國軍事體系的演變特點是逐步規(guī)范化和現(xiàn)代化。 本文的第二章介紹了美國內戰(zhàn)中北方的軍事體系。北方的戰(zhàn)略思想經歷了幾次變化,戰(zhàn)爭開始,北方采取了有限目標的戰(zhàn)爭戰(zhàn)略,因而沒有發(fā)揮出軍事體系的優(yōu)勢,北方在戰(zhàn)爭初期遭遇了失敗。戰(zhàn)爭后期,以格蘭特為代表的總體戰(zhàn)戰(zhàn)略幫助北方最終贏得了戰(zhàn)爭。北方的人力動員是以征召志愿兵為主要手段的,戰(zhàn)爭中,也采用了義務兵役制。人力動員為北方提供了大量兵員,使北方建立起了強大的軍事力量。北方強大的經濟實力則保證了這些軍隊的武器和后勤供應。盡管初期的軍事后勤存在著不足,但是通過改革,北方建立了良好的后勤供應體制,并圓滿完成了任務。為了籌集戰(zhàn)爭經費,北方主要采取了提高稅收、發(fā)行戰(zhàn)爭公債和政府發(fā)行貨幣的措施。 本文第三章介紹了南方的軍事體系。南方的經濟基礎薄弱,但是戰(zhàn)爭準備比較充分。南方軍事思想中,戰(zhàn)爭主要目的是維持自己的獨立,迫使北方承認這個現(xiàn)實,以此保全南部存在的經濟根基——奴隸制。所以南方一開始采取了積極防御戰(zhàn)略。隨著戰(zhàn)爭的升級,南方薄弱的經濟和人口資源不能維持戰(zhàn)爭,南方又采取了進攻戰(zhàn)略以求速決。南方率先進行了強制征兵,因為征召困難,征召的范圍逐步擴大,措施的力度也不斷增加。南部邦聯(lián)工業(yè)基礎薄弱,盡管做了很多的努力,南方的后勤保障體系最終被戰(zhàn)爭拖垮。為了籌集戰(zhàn)爭經費,南部增加稅收的同時,大量增發(fā)國債和債券。最終導致了經濟體系的崩潰。南部邦聯(lián)的一個很重要的戰(zhàn)略思路就是謀求歐洲列強的干涉,但是,隨著南部戰(zhàn)爭外交在歐洲的失敗,這個思路也化為泡影。第四章介紹了雙方軍事體系的交鋒以及在交鋒中表現(xiàn)出的優(yōu)勢與不足。戰(zhàn)爭的第一階段,北方在東線戰(zhàn)場上不斷失利。從軍事體系的角度看,這一階段,北方在軍事思想、指揮系統(tǒng)、軍隊戰(zhàn)斗力、人力動員,軍事后勤等方面都弱于南方。內戰(zhàn)中,北方進行了軍事改革,用革命的方式進行戰(zhàn)爭,修正了軍事體系中不合理的因素,北方開始在戰(zhàn)場上獲得勝利,最終扭轉了戰(zhàn)局,取得了勝利。本文指出,在南北方的戰(zhàn)爭進入總體戰(zhàn)模式之后,軍事動員和軍事后勤的作用就超過了其他軍事因素。而北方具有雄厚的經濟基礎作為保證,這也是北方最終取得勝利的原因。 本文第五章論述美國內戰(zhàn)在戰(zhàn)爭史上的地位,分析了美國內戰(zhàn)中戰(zhàn)爭形式的變化,由此突出了美國內戰(zhàn)中軍事體系的重要性。本章分析了內戰(zhàn)中軍事思想的變化,同時對美國內戰(zhàn)中軍事體系對經濟、社會生活和內戰(zhàn)后軍事建設的影響做了分析。結語中,對總體戰(zhàn)戰(zhàn)略做了簡單的思考。 本文的主要創(chuàng)新在于,確定了軍事體系的概念,并用軍事體系這個整體分析視角去研究戰(zhàn)爭的勝負原因。避免了武裝力量決定論、道義致勝和經濟實力決定論的片面。同時,指出在有限戰(zhàn)爭和總體戰(zhàn)爭中軍事體系的各個因素所發(fā)揮的作用是不一的。另外,本文對內戰(zhàn)中軍事體系的重要因素——戰(zhàn)略思想做了源流的梳理,并做了新的評價。同時,對美國內戰(zhàn)中的軍事體系做了較為全面的展示。
[Abstract]:The American Civil War is the first large-scale war after the Industrial Revolution. It has an important position in both the American military history and the world military history. Construction is also influenced by external factors such as politics, economy, science and technology.
The first chapter reviews the evolution of the American military system before the Civil War. The colonial era was the embryonic stage of the American military system, and the militia system was the main characteristic. The United States Constitution of 1787 established important military principles: centralization of power, civilian rule of the army and separation of powers. Before the Civil War, it was during the period of the formal construction of the United States army that modern military ideas took shape and military professionalization entered a new period. Standardization and modernization.
The second chapter introduces the military system of the North in the American Civil War.The strategic thinking of the North has undergone several changes.At the beginning of the war,the North has adopted a war strategy with limited objectives,so it has not exerted its superiority of the military system.The North has met with defeat in the early stage of the war.At the end of the war,the general strategic Gang represented by Grant has been involved in the war. Manpower mobilization provided the North with a large number of soldiers, thus establishing a strong military force. The North's strong economic strength guaranteed the supply of weapons and logistics for these armies. In order to raise funds for the war, the northern government mainly adopted measures of raising taxes, issuing war bonds and issuing currency.
In the southern military thought, the main purpose of the war was to maintain its independence and force the north to acknowledge this reality, so as to preserve the economic foundation of the south-slavery. With the escalation of the war, the weak economic and population resources of the South were unable to sustain the war, and the South adopted an offensive strategy for quick decision. The Southern logistics system was eventually dragged down by the war. In order to raise the money for the war, the southern government increased taxes and issued a large number of bonds and bonds, which eventually led to the collapse of the economic system. Chapter Four introduces the confrontation of the military systems of the two sides and their advantages and disadvantages in the confrontation. In the first stage of the war, the North has been losing ground in the eastern battlefield. In the Civil War, the North carried out military reforms, carried out wars in a revolutionary way, corrected the irrational factors in the military system, and began to win in the battlefield, eventually reversed the situation and won a victory. The North has a strong economic base as a guarantee, which is why it finally won.
The fifth chapter discusses the position of the American Civil War in the history of war, analyzes the changes of the forms of war in the American Civil War, and highlights the importance of the military system in the American Civil War. In the conclusion, we made a simple thought on the overall strategy.
The main innovation of this paper is that it defines the concept of military system and studies the causes of victory and defeat of war from the perspective of military system as a whole. In addition, this paper combs the origin of the important factor of the military system in the Civil War, the strategic thought, and makes a new evaluation.
【學位授予單位】：山東師范大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2009
【分類號】：E712.9;K712
本文編號：2187805
[Abstract]:The American Civil War is the first large-scale war after the Industrial Revolution. It has an important position in both the American military history and the world military history. Construction is also influenced by external factors such as politics, economy, science and technology.
The first chapter reviews the evolution of the American military system before the Civil War. The colonial era was the embryonic stage of the American military system, and the militia system was the main characteristic. The United States Constitution of 1787 established important military principles: centralization of power, civilian rule of the army and separation of powers. Before the Civil War, it was during the period of the formal construction of the United States army that modern military ideas took shape and military professionalization entered a new period. Standardization and modernization.
The second chapter introduces the military system of the North in the American Civil War.The strategic thinking of the North has undergone several changes.At the beginning of the war,the North has adopted a war strategy with limited objectives,so it has not exerted its superiority of the military system.The North has met with defeat in the early stage of the war.At the end of the war,the general strategic Gang represented by Grant has been involved in the war. Manpower mobilization provided the North with a large number of soldiers, thus establishing a strong military force. The North's strong economic strength guaranteed the supply of weapons and logistics for these armies. In order to raise funds for the war, the northern government mainly adopted measures of raising taxes, issuing war bonds and issuing currency.
In the southern military thought, the main purpose of the war was to maintain its independence and force the north to acknowledge this reality, so as to preserve the economic foundation of the south-slavery. With the escalation of the war, the weak economic and population resources of the South were unable to sustain the war, and the South adopted an offensive strategy for quick decision. The Southern logistics system was eventually dragged down by the war. In order to raise the money for the war, the southern government increased taxes and issued a large number of bonds and bonds, which eventually led to the collapse of the economic system. Chapter Four introduces the confrontation of the military systems of the two sides and their advantages and disadvantages in the confrontation. In the first stage of the war, the North has been losing ground in the eastern battlefield. In the Civil War, the North carried out military reforms, carried out wars in a revolutionary way, corrected the irrational factors in the military system, and began to win in the battlefield, eventually reversed the situation and won a victory. The North has a strong economic base as a guarantee, which is why it finally won.
The fifth chapter discusses the position of the American Civil War in the history of war, analyzes the changes of the forms of war in the American Civil War, and highlights the importance of the military system in the American Civil War. In the conclusion, we made a simple thought on the overall strategy.
The main innovation of this paper is that it defines the concept of military system and studies the causes of victory and defeat of war from the perspective of military system as a whole. In addition, this paper combs the origin of the important factor of the military system in the Civil War, the strategic thought, and makes a new evaluation.
【學位授予單位】：山東師范大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2009
【分類號】：E712.9;K712
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