馬龍派與現(xiàn)代黎巴嫩民族國家的構(gòu)建（1840-1943）
發(fā)布時間：2018-08-14 14:48
【摘要】：黎巴嫩是阿拉伯國家中唯一的議會民主制共和國,然而其民主制又帶有教派政治特征。長期以來,馬龍派是黎巴嫩最主要的政治教派。馬龍派是東儀天主教的一支,13世紀(jì)開始接受梵蒂岡管轄,但是在教義與禮儀方面保留古代東方教會的獨特性。它曾經(jīng)是黎巴嫩最大的社團,最早產(chǎn)生明確的社團認同。馬龍派認同是一種以教派為核心的認同,其基本構(gòu)成要件是正統(tǒng)的基督徒與本土腓尼基人的自我印象。馬龍派以教會為社團中心,強調(diào)自身族源和文化與其他群體的差異。自19世紀(jì),馬龍派認同開始有了政治意義,為黎巴嫩民族主義產(chǎn)生奠定了基礎(chǔ)。馬龍派教會在19世紀(jì)40年代開始提出以社團政治利益為核心的民族主義訴求,標(biāo)志著黎巴嫩民族國家構(gòu)建的開端。19世紀(jì)40年代,黎巴嫩酋長國不復(fù)存在。奧斯曼帝國很快對其進行了短暫的接管,隨后在內(nèi)外壓力下分而治之。1860年馬龍派與德魯茲派的大沖突使得自治體制得以在黎巴嫩建立。在自治省時代,黎巴嫩教派政治的雛形開始形成。1918年,作為一戰(zhàn)中的戰(zhàn)敗方,奧斯曼帝國退出了阿拉伯地區(qū)。1920年,法國委任統(tǒng)治下的大黎巴嫩建立,為現(xiàn)代黎巴嫩國家奠定了基本的版圖與政治框架。1943年,在馬龍派領(lǐng)袖與遜尼派領(lǐng)袖的合作與妥協(xié)下,黎巴嫩走向獨立,至此,現(xiàn)代黎巴嫩國家形成�，F(xiàn)代黎巴嫩民族國家是黎巴嫩民族主義與阿拉伯民族主義合力構(gòu)建而成的。19世紀(jì)中葉開始,“奧斯曼主義”、阿拉伯民族主義、“大敘利亞認同”與黎巴嫩民族主義等觀念出現(xiàn)并相互角逐。黎巴嫩民族主義指的是馬龍派提出的自治計劃,萌芽于19世紀(jì)40年代,初步形成于19世紀(jì)60年代。黎巴嫩獨特的地理環(huán)境與酋長國的包稅制體制為黎巴嫩民族主義提供了天然的土壤。自法赫爾·丁二世起,黎巴嫩蠶絲業(yè)迅速發(fā)展。在世界市場的裹挾下,蠶絲業(yè)的發(fā)展不僅促成馬龍派的經(jīng)濟、社會與政治實力崛起,而且改變了傳統(tǒng)的教派地理格局,并且促成了社會分化。黎巴嫩的教派平衡因此被打破,最終釀成1860年黎巴嫩與大馬士革的慘劇。在此背景下,黎巴嫩酋長國崩潰的契機以及外部勢力的干預(yù)和西方政治思想的傳播促成黎巴嫩民族主義的產(chǎn)生。奧斯曼帝國晚期,由于“地方分權(quán)黨”的活動及影響,黎巴嫩民族主義發(fā)展出明確的分離主義傾向。黎巴嫩民族主義的內(nèi)容隨著時代與國際國內(nèi)背景的變化而不同,但是最基本的特征有兩個：一是建立事實上自治或完全獨立的黎巴嫩國家,二是保持黎巴嫩馬龍派的政治優(yōu)勢。黎巴嫩民族主義的中堅力量是馬龍派教會與世俗精英,早期的民族認同以社團認同為核心,因而黎巴嫩民族主義具有強烈的馬龍派傾向。
[Abstract]:Lebanon is the only parliamentary democratic republic in the Arab countries, but its democracy is characterized by sectarian politics. Ma Long has long been Lebanon's leading political sect. The Ma Long, a Catholic branch of Dongyi, began to accept Vatican jurisdiction in the 13th century, but retained the uniqueness of the ancient Eastern Church in terms of doctrine and propriety. It was once the largest association in Lebanon and was the first to produce a clear social identity. Ma Long identity is a kind of sectarian identity whose basic component is the self-impression of orthodox Christians and native Phoenicians. Ma Long's church is the center of the community, emphasizing the differences between their ethnic and cultural origins and other groups. Since the 19 th century, the Ma Long identity began to have political significance and laid the foundation for Lebanese nationalism. In the 1840s, the Ma Long church began to put forward the nationalist demands with the political interests of the community as the core, which marked the beginning of the construction of the Lebanese nation-state. In the 1840s, the Emirate of Lebanon ceased to exist. The Ottoman Empire quickly took over, then divided and ruled under internal and external pressure. The great conflict between the Ma Long and the Druze in 1860 allowed the establishment of autonomy in Lebanon. In the era of the autonomous provinces, the rudiments of sectarian politics in Lebanon began to take shape. In 1918, the Ottoman Empire withdrew from the Arab region as the defeated party in World War I. in 1920, Greater Lebanon, under the French mandate, was established. In 1943, under the cooperation and compromise of Ma Long leaders and Sunni leaders, Lebanon moved towards independence, and the modern Lebanese state came into being. The modern Lebanese nation-state was formed by the combination of Lebanese nationalism and Arab nationalism. At the beginning of the mid-19th century, "Ottomanism", "Arab nationalism", Ideas such as Greater Syrian identity and Lebanese nationalism emerged and competed with each other. Lebanese nationalism refers to the autonomy plan put forward by the Ma Long, which originated in the 1840s and initially formed in the 1860s. Lebanon's unique geographical environment and the Emirate's tax system provide the natural soil for Lebanese nationalism. Lebanon's silk industry has grown rapidly since Fahl Din II. Under the influence of the world market, the development of silk industry not only promoted the rise of the economic, social and political power of the Ma Long school, but also changed the traditional sectarian geography pattern and contributed to the social division. This upset the religious balance in Lebanon, leading to the tragic events between Lebanon and Damascus in 1860. Against this background, the opportunity of the collapse of the Emirate of Lebanon, the interference of external forces and the spread of western political thought contributed to the emergence of Lebanese nationalism. In the late Ottoman Empire, Lebanese nationalism developed a clear separatist tendency due to the activities and influence of the "decentralized Party". The content of Lebanese nationalism is different with the change of times and international and domestic background, but there are two basic characteristics: one is to establish a de facto autonomous or completely independent Lebanese state, the other is to maintain the political superiority of the Lebanese Ma Long faction. The main force of Lebanese nationalism is the Ma Long church and the secular elite. The early national identity centered on community identity, so Lebanese nationalism has a strong tendency of Ma Long faction.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：陜西師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：K378;B976.1
本文編號：2183200
[Abstract]:Lebanon is the only parliamentary democratic republic in the Arab countries, but its democracy is characterized by sectarian politics. Ma Long has long been Lebanon's leading political sect. The Ma Long, a Catholic branch of Dongyi, began to accept Vatican jurisdiction in the 13th century, but retained the uniqueness of the ancient Eastern Church in terms of doctrine and propriety. It was once the largest association in Lebanon and was the first to produce a clear social identity. Ma Long identity is a kind of sectarian identity whose basic component is the self-impression of orthodox Christians and native Phoenicians. Ma Long's church is the center of the community, emphasizing the differences between their ethnic and cultural origins and other groups. Since the 19 th century, the Ma Long identity began to have political significance and laid the foundation for Lebanese nationalism. In the 1840s, the Ma Long church began to put forward the nationalist demands with the political interests of the community as the core, which marked the beginning of the construction of the Lebanese nation-state. In the 1840s, the Emirate of Lebanon ceased to exist. The Ottoman Empire quickly took over, then divided and ruled under internal and external pressure. The great conflict between the Ma Long and the Druze in 1860 allowed the establishment of autonomy in Lebanon. In the era of the autonomous provinces, the rudiments of sectarian politics in Lebanon began to take shape. In 1918, the Ottoman Empire withdrew from the Arab region as the defeated party in World War I. in 1920, Greater Lebanon, under the French mandate, was established. In 1943, under the cooperation and compromise of Ma Long leaders and Sunni leaders, Lebanon moved towards independence, and the modern Lebanese state came into being. The modern Lebanese nation-state was formed by the combination of Lebanese nationalism and Arab nationalism. At the beginning of the mid-19th century, "Ottomanism", "Arab nationalism", Ideas such as Greater Syrian identity and Lebanese nationalism emerged and competed with each other. Lebanese nationalism refers to the autonomy plan put forward by the Ma Long, which originated in the 1840s and initially formed in the 1860s. Lebanon's unique geographical environment and the Emirate's tax system provide the natural soil for Lebanese nationalism. Lebanon's silk industry has grown rapidly since Fahl Din II. Under the influence of the world market, the development of silk industry not only promoted the rise of the economic, social and political power of the Ma Long school, but also changed the traditional sectarian geography pattern and contributed to the social division. This upset the religious balance in Lebanon, leading to the tragic events between Lebanon and Damascus in 1860. Against this background, the opportunity of the collapse of the Emirate of Lebanon, the interference of external forces and the spread of western political thought contributed to the emergence of Lebanese nationalism. In the late Ottoman Empire, Lebanese nationalism developed a clear separatist tendency due to the activities and influence of the "decentralized Party". The content of Lebanese nationalism is different with the change of times and international and domestic background, but there are two basic characteristics: one is to establish a de facto autonomous or completely independent Lebanese state, the other is to maintain the political superiority of the Lebanese Ma Long faction. The main force of Lebanese nationalism is the Ma Long church and the secular elite. The early national identity centered on community identity, so Lebanese nationalism has a strong tendency of Ma Long faction.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：陜西師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：K378;B976.1
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