19世紀末20世紀初美國的安置所運動
發(fā)布時間：2018-08-10 20:13
【摘要】：19世紀末20世紀初,美國壟斷資本主義迅猛發(fā)展。經(jīng)濟和軍事實力的增強使其迅速成長為世界頭號資本主義國家。但這一時期也是美國的轉(zhuǎn)型期,世紀之交,美國正由農(nóng)業(yè)社會向工業(yè)社會過度,由自由資本主義向壟斷資本主義轉(zhuǎn)變。伴隨著一系列的巨變,美國產(chǎn)生了嚴重的社會問題。如：移民的大批涌入導致文化隔閡,市政的腐敗管理導致環(huán)境惡劣,貧窮和擁擠導致道德敗壞,法律的缺失導致市場混亂……面對沉重的社會問題,一批中產(chǎn)階級知識分子為構(gòu)建合理的國家秩序、維持公平正義發(fā)起了數(shù)場改革運動。安置所運動就是其中的一項重要改革。運動的領導者多是出身良好、接受過高等教育的中產(chǎn)階級知識女性,她們針對城市貧民窟擁擠破敗、窮人沒有生活保障和子女缺乏教育的狀況,于其中建立安置所,發(fā)揚人道主義精神,為貧民提供救助,并通過發(fā)起社會改革為其爭取權利。安置所運動對美國社會產(chǎn)生了積極的影響,研究這場運動的興起、發(fā)展與衰落有助于我們更深入地了解美國的民間救助方式和改革軌跡。 本篇論文共分為四部分：緒論、正文、結(jié)語和參考文獻。正文分為三個章節(jié)。 第一章論述了安置所運動發(fā)生的時代背景。19世紀末20世紀初,美國經(jīng)濟迅猛發(fā)展,第二次科技革命直接推動了其工業(yè)化和城市化的進程,一種新的社會形態(tài)已經(jīng)展現(xiàn)。但此時也是美國社會的轉(zhuǎn)型期,大批外國移民的涌入造成了城市的擁擠和文化的隔閡,貧富的巨大懸殊和腐敗的市政管理令整個社會矛盾重重。一批有識之士開始反思并發(fā)起社會變革。第二章論述了安置所運動的興起。這場運動起源于英國,之后在美國發(fā)展壯大,運動的領導人在美國的大城市建立了許多具有代表性的安置所。這些安置所為貧民提供各種救助,從普及教育、開辦幼兒園到實用技能的培訓。第三章論述了安置所運動的發(fā)展與衰落。隨著形勢的需要,運動的范圍擴大到推進制度的變革,從改善住房狀況到保護移民與黑人,從為民眾爭取娛樂場地到保護女工童工,20世紀初,這場運動最終達到頂點。一戰(zhàn)的爆發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移了美國大部分的精力和財力,安置所運動也因此受到挫敗。戰(zhàn)后,美國國內(nèi)環(huán)境的重大變化讓這場運動不可避免的走向衰落。 結(jié)論：安置所運動是美國近代社會改革的重要組成部分。它不僅以一種新的救助模式幫助了窮人,改變了一批年輕人的思想觀,更堅定了公眾與社會不公斗爭到底的決心。最后,它的許多救助方法和思路值得我們借鑒。
[Abstract]:At the end of the 19 th century and the beginning of the 20 th century, American monopoly capitalism developed rapidly. The increase in economic and military power has made it the world's number one capitalist country. But this period is also the transition period of the United States. At the turn of the century, the United States is changing from agricultural society to industrial society, from free capitalism to monopoly capitalism. With a series of great changes, the United States has created serious social problems. For example, the influx of immigrants led to cultural barriers, municipal corruption led to poor conditions, poverty and congestion led to moral deterioration, lack of laws led to market chaos. Faced with the heavy social problems, a group of middle-class intellectuals launched several reform movements in order to build a reasonable national order and maintain fairness and justice. The resettlement movement is one of the important reforms. Most of the movement was led by educated middle-class women of good origin and higher education who set up settlements in response to the urban slums, the poor's lack of security of living and the lack of education for their children. Promote the spirit of humanitarianism, provide relief to the poor and fight for their rights through social reform. The resettlement movement has a positive impact on American society. The study of the rise, development and decline of this movement is helpful for us to understand more deeply the American folk relief methods and the reform track. This thesis is divided into four parts: introduction, text, conclusion and references. The text is divided into three chapters. The first chapter discusses the background of the resettlement movement. At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, the American economy developed rapidly, the second scientific and technological revolution directly promoted its industrialization and urbanization process, a new social form has been displayed. But this time is also the transformation of American society, the influx of a large number of foreign immigrants caused urban congestion and cultural barriers, the huge gap between the rich and the poor and corrupt municipal administration make the whole society full of contradictions. A group of people of insight began to reflect and initiate social change. The second chapter discusses the rise of resettlement movement. The movement originated in England and then expanded in the United States, with its leaders setting up representative settlements in large American cities. These settlements provide assistance to the poor, from universal education, kindergarten to practical skills training. The third chapter discusses the development and decline of resettlement. With the need of the situation, the scope of the movement expanded to promote the reform of the system, from the improvement of housing conditions to the protection of immigrants and blacks, from the struggle for entertainment for the public to protect the child workers of female workers. At the beginning of the 20th century, the movement finally reached its peak. The outbreak of World War I diverted much of America's energy and financial resources, and the settlement movement was thwarted. After the war, major changes in the US domestic environment led to the inevitable decline of the movement. Conclusion: the resettlement movement is an important part of modern American social reform. It not only helped the poor with a new aid model, changed the minds of a group of young people, but also strengthened the determination of the public to fight social injustice to the end. Finally, many of its rescue methods and ideas are worthy of our reference.
【學位授予單位】：內(nèi)蒙古大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：K712.5
本文編號：2176073
[Abstract]:At the end of the 19 th century and the beginning of the 20 th century, American monopoly capitalism developed rapidly. The increase in economic and military power has made it the world's number one capitalist country. But this period is also the transition period of the United States. At the turn of the century, the United States is changing from agricultural society to industrial society, from free capitalism to monopoly capitalism. With a series of great changes, the United States has created serious social problems. For example, the influx of immigrants led to cultural barriers, municipal corruption led to poor conditions, poverty and congestion led to moral deterioration, lack of laws led to market chaos. Faced with the heavy social problems, a group of middle-class intellectuals launched several reform movements in order to build a reasonable national order and maintain fairness and justice. The resettlement movement is one of the important reforms. Most of the movement was led by educated middle-class women of good origin and higher education who set up settlements in response to the urban slums, the poor's lack of security of living and the lack of education for their children. Promote the spirit of humanitarianism, provide relief to the poor and fight for their rights through social reform. The resettlement movement has a positive impact on American society. The study of the rise, development and decline of this movement is helpful for us to understand more deeply the American folk relief methods and the reform track. This thesis is divided into four parts: introduction, text, conclusion and references. The text is divided into three chapters. The first chapter discusses the background of the resettlement movement. At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, the American economy developed rapidly, the second scientific and technological revolution directly promoted its industrialization and urbanization process, a new social form has been displayed. But this time is also the transformation of American society, the influx of a large number of foreign immigrants caused urban congestion and cultural barriers, the huge gap between the rich and the poor and corrupt municipal administration make the whole society full of contradictions. A group of people of insight began to reflect and initiate social change. The second chapter discusses the rise of resettlement movement. The movement originated in England and then expanded in the United States, with its leaders setting up representative settlements in large American cities. These settlements provide assistance to the poor, from universal education, kindergarten to practical skills training. The third chapter discusses the development and decline of resettlement. With the need of the situation, the scope of the movement expanded to promote the reform of the system, from the improvement of housing conditions to the protection of immigrants and blacks, from the struggle for entertainment for the public to protect the child workers of female workers. At the beginning of the 20th century, the movement finally reached its peak. The outbreak of World War I diverted much of America's energy and financial resources, and the settlement movement was thwarted. After the war, major changes in the US domestic environment led to the inevitable decline of the movement. Conclusion: the resettlement movement is an important part of modern American social reform. It not only helped the poor with a new aid model, changed the minds of a group of young people, but also strengthened the determination of the public to fight social injustice to the end. Finally, many of its rescue methods and ideas are worthy of our reference.
【學位授予單位】：內(nèi)蒙古大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：K712.5
【參考文獻】
相關期刊論文 前4條
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