【摘要】： 黑人在奴隸貿(mào)易中被販運(yùn)到美洲就定義了他們?cè)诿绹?guó)的社會(huì)地位,沒(méi)有人身自由,不能享有與白人相同的政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)權(quán)利,在社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)中處于最底層。但是美國(guó)是一個(gè)倡導(dǎo)民主、平等與自由的國(guó)家。面對(duì)黑人的現(xiàn)實(shí)處境和美國(guó)的夢(mèng)想,在社會(huì)中形成了奴役與自由的悖論,在這種悖論中,黑人不斷努力和斗爭(zhēng)以爭(zhēng)取平等地位。 20世紀(jì)初,在美國(guó)歷史上的黑人大遷徙中,南部黑人受到北部和中西部良好的工作、政治和生活環(huán)境的吸引紛紛來(lái)到這里定居,并在在大城市和工業(yè)城市中發(fā)展成為黑人社區(qū)。黑人人口結(jié)構(gòu)分布的改變,促使黑人社會(huì)發(fā)生變化,種族歧視成為一個(gè)全國(guó)性問(wèn)題。北部和中西部相對(duì)寬松的環(huán)境,促使黑人發(fā)展起自己的種族意識(shí),紐約的“哈萊姆文藝復(fù)興”便是黑人種族意識(shí)的集中反映,而種族意識(shí)和民族精神鼓勵(lì)黑人進(jìn)行爭(zhēng)取平等權(quán)利的斗爭(zhēng)。 經(jīng)歷1929-1933年的經(jīng)濟(jì)蕭條,美國(guó)在經(jīng)濟(jì)、政治、社會(huì)各方面都發(fā)生著重大變化。在大蕭條中的非裔美國(guó)人,受到種族隔離和種族歧視的影響,在工作、教育、就業(yè)和居住環(huán)境中都處于不利地位,影響到他們的生活。面對(duì)不平等,非裔美國(guó)人采取了各種斗爭(zhēng)方式,在民主體制下,爭(zhēng)取自己應(yīng)有的權(quán)利。各行業(yè)的黑人勞工紛紛建立起有組織的工會(huì),團(tuán)結(jié)一切不反對(duì)黑人的力量,展開(kāi)了反對(duì)就業(yè)歧視的聯(lián)合抵制運(yùn)動(dòng),以及三月向華盛頓進(jìn)軍運(yùn)動(dòng)。這一時(shí)期,成長(zhǎng)起來(lái)的非裔美國(guó)人中產(chǎn)階級(jí)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)黑人爭(zhēng)取平等權(quán)利而斗爭(zhēng)。全國(guó)有色人種協(xié)進(jìn)會(huì)在反對(duì)種族隔離和黑人教育問(wèn)題上都做出的很大的貢獻(xiàn),并鼓勵(lì)和組織黑人爭(zhēng)取政治的平等權(quán)利。城市聯(lián)盟也積極為黑人的就業(yè)問(wèn)題而積極游說(shuō)政府做出決策。 1932年富蘭克林·D.羅斯福當(dāng)選總統(tǒng),上任伊始便開(kāi)始實(shí)施新政,大膽地頒布很多新政立法,拯救美國(guó)資本主義經(jīng)濟(jì)。但是在實(shí)施新政過(guò)程中,非裔美國(guó)人成為“被遺忘的群體”,很多措施只是暫時(shí)的緩解了黑人的困難,而沒(méi)有從根上消除種族歧視,也沒(méi)有給于黑人更多的平等權(quán)利。在這個(gè)過(guò)程中,非裔美國(guó)人要在新政的民主體制下為自己的權(quán)利而斗爭(zhēng)。與此同時(shí),黑人文化也在繼承“新黑人”運(yùn)動(dòng)取得成就的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)一步發(fā)展,為美國(guó)文化和藝術(shù)做出重要貢獻(xiàn),并以文化為載體改善種族關(guān)系。 總之,1929-1939年是美國(guó)歷史的一個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn),對(duì)于非裔美國(guó)人爭(zhēng)取權(quán)利平等的斗爭(zhēng)也是一個(gè)非常重要的階段,在這個(gè)時(shí)期取得的斗爭(zhēng)成果及其歷史局限性都為60年代非裔美國(guó)人大規(guī)模民權(quán)運(yùn)動(dòng)的興起提供了基礎(chǔ)。
[Abstract]:Black people who were trafficked to the Americas in the slave trade defined their social status in the United States without personal freedom and not enjoying the same political economic and social rights as whites and being at the bottom of the social structure. But America is a nation that advocates democracy, equality and freedom. In the face of the reality of the black people and the American dream, the paradox of slavery and freedom is formed in society, in which blacks strive and struggle for equality in the early 20th century. During the great black migration in American history, the blacks in the south were attracted by the good jobs in the north and the Midwest, and settled in the political and living environment, and developed into black communities in the big cities and industrial cities. The change in the distribution of black population prompted the change of black society and racial discrimination became a national problem. The relatively relaxed environment in the north and the Midwest encouraged blacks to develop their own racial consciousness, and the Harlem Renaissance in New York was a concentrated reflection of black racial consciousness. Racial consciousness and ethos encourage blacks to fight for equal rights. After the economic depression of 1929-1933, great changes have taken place in American economy, politics and society. African-Americans in the Great Depression were affected by apartheid and racial discrimination, disadvantaged in their work, education, employment, and living environment, affecting their lives. Faced with inequality, African-Americans fought for their rights under democracy. Black workers from all walks of life formed organized unions, unites all non-black forces, launched a boycott against employment discrimination, and marched into Washington in March. During this period, a growing African-American middle class led the black fight for equal rights. The NAACP has made great contributions to the fight against apartheid and black education, and has encouraged and organized black people to fight for equal rights in politics. The cities Alliance also actively lobbied the government for black employment. When Roosevelt was elected President, he began to implement the New deal when he took office, and boldly enacted a lot of New deal legislation to save the capitalist economy of the United States. But in the implementation of the New deal, African-Americans became a "forgotten group", and many measures only temporarily alleviated the difficulties of black people, but did not eliminate racial discrimination from the root, nor did they give black people more equal rights. In the process, African-Americans fight for their rights under the New deal democracy. At the same time, the black culture is further developed on the basis of inheriting the achievements of the "New Black" movement, making important contributions to American culture and art, and taking culture as the carrier to improve race relations. In short, 1929-1939 was a turning point in American history, and it was also a very important stage in African-Americans' struggle for equality of rights. The achievements and historical limitations of the struggle during this period provided the basis for the rise of the African-American mass civil rights movement in the 1960 s.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華東師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2009
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：K712.52

【引證文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前1條

1 張翠;美國(guó)黑人教育權(quán)利變遷研究[D];西北師范大學(xué);2012年

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本文編號(hào)：2172307