共生與互動：論城市與鄉(xiāng)村在英國資本主義起源中的不同角色
發(fā)布時間：2018-08-02 08:53
【摘要】： 資本主義的故鄉(xiāng)在英國，資本主義的起源一直是學(xué)界探討和研究的重要課題。中外史學(xué)家從階級斗爭、貿(mào)易因素等方面對資本主義的起源進行了深入細致的研究。本文在繼承史學(xué)前輩研究成果的基礎(chǔ)上，以英國為例，嘗試性地考察中世紀城市與鄉(xiāng)村的互動與交流，，擬對城市與鄉(xiāng)村在資本主義起源進程中各自扮演的不同角色作初步分析。從城市與鄉(xiāng)村的關(guān)系角度入手，本文的學(xué)術(shù)前史部分對史學(xué)界關(guān)于資本主義起源的專著、學(xué)者觀點以及學(xué)術(shù)流派作了大致的梳理。本文的正文分三部分： 一、中世紀英國城市的雛形是作為設(shè)防的居住地存在的，因為它的安全性，城市吸引了商人和手工業(yè)者來此聚居，從而衍生出了一定的工商業(yè)職能。與鄉(xiāng)村農(nóng)本經(jīng)濟不同，商品經(jīng)濟是城市的最大特色，但城市仍然是封建體系的有機組成部分，其封建本性成為制約商品經(jīng)濟進一步成長的桎梏。 二、盡管中世紀的英國鄉(xiāng)村是一個典型的農(nóng)本社會，但在這個社會下始終存在著一定的商業(yè)空間。對于資本主義的啟動而言，法制對商品經(jīng)濟和個體財富積累的保障也是必不可少的。事實是，習(xí)慣法以及領(lǐng)主、農(nóng)民在莊園法庭內(nèi)的博弈使農(nóng)民個體財富實現(xiàn)了穩(wěn)定、持續(xù)的積累。從某種意義上講，法律是資本的一種形式，法律因素是英國社會轉(zhuǎn)型成功的關(guān)鍵所在。 三、從13世紀開始，英國鄉(xiāng)村逐漸步入了一個農(nóng)業(yè)勞動生產(chǎn)率持續(xù)攀升的時期，這為英國鄉(xiāng)村工業(yè)的大發(fā)展提供了先決性的有利條件，而城市推行的壟斷政策限制了商品經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展，鄉(xiāng)村充足、廉價的勞動力，豐富的自然資源，相對寬松的制度環(huán)境對城市商人資本有很大的吸引力。城鄉(xiāng)之間的優(yōu)勢互補和有益滲透使資本主義在鄉(xiāng)村工業(yè)，主要是在毛紡業(yè)中發(fā)展起來。英國鄉(xiāng)村工業(yè)的勃興，是歷史合力作用的結(jié)果，它是以城市商人資本為導(dǎo)向，以鄉(xiāng)村為基礎(chǔ)的運動過程，這一過程依托的是城鄉(xiāng)雙向互動機制。 通過有益的反思和對比，本文認為，無論城市或是鄉(xiāng)村，有鑒于它們自身無法克服的缺陷和不足，都不能夠獨立承擔(dān)孕育資本主義的歷史使命，而它們彼此間的相互汲取和互通有無才是推動西歐社會向近代轉(zhuǎn)型的最基本、最深邃的力量。英國的成功給予我們一定的啟迪和智慧，如何處理好工業(yè)和農(nóng)業(yè)的關(guān)系，如何健全法制以及保障農(nóng)民個體的財富積累，對于中國的工業(yè)化而言仍有相當(dāng)?shù)慕梃b意義。
[Abstract]:The origin of capitalism in England has been an important subject in academic circles. Chinese and foreign historians studied the origin of capitalism from class struggle and trade factors. On the basis of inheriting the achievements of the predecessors of historiography and taking England as an example, this paper attempts to investigate the interaction and communication between cities and villages in the Middle Ages, and to make a preliminary analysis of the different roles played by cities and villages in the process of the origin of capitalism. From the perspective of the relationship between the city and the countryside, the prehistory of this paper roughly combs the monographs, the viewpoints of scholars and the academic schools about the origin of capitalism in historiography. The text of this paper is divided into three parts: first, the embryonic form of medieval English city exists as a fortified residence, because of its security, the city attracts businessmen and craftsmen to live here. Thus derived a certain industrial and commercial functions. Different from the rural peasant economy, commodity economy is the biggest characteristic of the city, but the city is still an organic part of the feudal system, and its feudal nature has become a shackle restricting the further growth of the commodity economy. Second, although rural England in the Middle Ages is a typical peasant society, there is always a certain commercial space in this society. For the start-up of capitalism, the legal system is also essential to the commodity economy and the accumulation of individual wealth. The fact is that customary law and the game between the lord and the farmer in the manor court makes the farmer's personal wealth stable and sustainable. In a sense, law is a form of capital. Third, from the 13th century onwards, the British countryside gradually stepped into a period of rising agricultural labor productivity, which provided a favorable condition for the great development of the British rural industry. The monopoly policy of the city limits the development of commodity economy. The abundant rural economy, cheap labor, abundant natural resources and relatively loose institutional environment have great attraction to the capital of city businessmen. The complementary advantages and beneficial infiltration between urban and rural areas make capitalism develop in rural industry, mainly in wool industry. The prosperity of rural industry in England is the result of historical resultant force. It is a movement process based on the capital of the city businessman and based on the village, which is based on the two-way interaction mechanism between urban and rural areas. Through useful reflection and comparison, this paper holds that neither the city nor the country can undertake the historical mission of giving birth to capitalism independently, in view of their insuperable shortcomings and shortcomings. Their mutual absorption and exchange of necessities are the most basic and profound forces to promote the transformation of Western European society to modern times. The success of Britain gives us some enlightenment and wisdom, how to deal with the relationship between industry and agriculture, how to perfect the legal system, and how to ensure the accumulation of wealth of individual farmers, which is still of great significance for the industrialization of China.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：天津師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2007
【分類號】：K561.4
[Abstract]:The origin of capitalism in England has been an important subject in academic circles. Chinese and foreign historians studied the origin of capitalism from class struggle and trade factors. On the basis of inheriting the achievements of the predecessors of historiography and taking England as an example, this paper attempts to investigate the interaction and communication between cities and villages in the Middle Ages, and to make a preliminary analysis of the different roles played by cities and villages in the process of the origin of capitalism. From the perspective of the relationship between the city and the countryside, the prehistory of this paper roughly combs the monographs, the viewpoints of scholars and the academic schools about the origin of capitalism in historiography. The text of this paper is divided into three parts: first, the embryonic form of medieval English city exists as a fortified residence, because of its security, the city attracts businessmen and craftsmen to live here. Thus derived a certain industrial and commercial functions. Different from the rural peasant economy, commodity economy is the biggest characteristic of the city, but the city is still an organic part of the feudal system, and its feudal nature has become a shackle restricting the further growth of the commodity economy. Second, although rural England in the Middle Ages is a typical peasant society, there is always a certain commercial space in this society. For the start-up of capitalism, the legal system is also essential to the commodity economy and the accumulation of individual wealth. The fact is that customary law and the game between the lord and the farmer in the manor court makes the farmer's personal wealth stable and sustainable. In a sense, law is a form of capital. Third, from the 13th century onwards, the British countryside gradually stepped into a period of rising agricultural labor productivity, which provided a favorable condition for the great development of the British rural industry. The monopoly policy of the city limits the development of commodity economy. The abundant rural economy, cheap labor, abundant natural resources and relatively loose institutional environment have great attraction to the capital of city businessmen. The complementary advantages and beneficial infiltration between urban and rural areas make capitalism develop in rural industry, mainly in wool industry. The prosperity of rural industry in England is the result of historical resultant force. It is a movement process based on the capital of the city businessman and based on the village, which is based on the two-way interaction mechanism between urban and rural areas. Through useful reflection and comparison, this paper holds that neither the city nor the country can undertake the historical mission of giving birth to capitalism independently, in view of their insuperable shortcomings and shortcomings. Their mutual absorption and exchange of necessities are the most basic and profound forces to promote the transformation of Western European society to modern times. The success of Britain gives us some enlightenment and wisdom, how to deal with the relationship between industry and agriculture, how to perfect the legal system, and how to ensure the accumulation of wealth of individual farmers, which is still of great significance for the industrialization of China.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：天津師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2007
【分類號】：K561.4
【參考文獻】
相關(guān)期刊論文 前6條
1 陳玉剛;市民社會的發(fā)育與西方民主[J];復(fù)旦學(xué)報(社會科學(xué)版);1995年03期
2 侯建新;個人的發(fā)展與英國農(nóng)村階級結(jié)構(gòu)變遷[J];世界歷史;1989年01期
3 馬克W
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