【摘要】：1861年農(nóng)民改革是俄國(guó)歷史上的重大事件,改革廢除了農(nóng)奴制,解放了農(nóng)民。然而農(nóng)民的解放只是表象,實(shí)質(zhì)上農(nóng)奴制殘余在俄國(guó)廣泛存在,對(duì)農(nóng)民的剝削依然沒(méi)有消除。 全文共分前言、四章正文和結(jié)語(yǔ)三部分。前言部分主要闡述本課題的研究概況及本文研究的主要問(wèn)題等。 第一章介紹1861年改革頒布的各類法令及改革進(jìn)程中的各類農(nóng)民。改革法令主要包括《總法令》、四個(gè)地方法令及其他補(bǔ)充法令。改革實(shí)行過(guò)程中還頒布了針對(duì)性的文件,契約文書(shū)、調(diào)停吏法規(guī)和贖買(mǎi)協(xié)議即為代表。這些法令明確提出,農(nóng)民成為法律意義上的自由人,擁有人身權(quán)利和財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)利。但是,法令的文本規(guī)定在執(zhí)行過(guò)程中并未完全落實(shí)。 第二章農(nóng)民的賦役負(fù)擔(dān)分析改革后農(nóng)民承擔(dān)的各種賦稅和租役。通過(guò)分析可知,賦役負(fù)擔(dān)制約了農(nóng)民人身自由和土地所有權(quán)的實(shí)現(xiàn)。政府仍奉行嚴(yán)厲的賦稅政策,農(nóng)民想盡各種辦法籌集稅款,卻終難擺脫欠稅的命運(yùn)。農(nóng)民承擔(dān)的勞役租、代役租和混合租在改革后均轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榇圩?加之擔(dān)負(fù)著各種實(shí)物義務(wù),農(nóng)民的經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)更加沉重。沉重的賦役負(fù)擔(dān)阻礙了農(nóng)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展。 第三章研究改革后農(nóng)民的土地使用情況。改革宣稱農(nóng)民可以“帶土地解放”,但是改革過(guò)程中農(nóng)民的土地所有權(quán)并沒(méi)有順利實(shí)現(xiàn),農(nóng)民實(shí)際使用的土地出現(xiàn)數(shù)量減少、地力下降的雙重減損,農(nóng)民自身租地、買(mǎi)地、開(kāi)墾新地以及政府補(bǔ)地、賞地都無(wú)濟(jì)于事,這種境況直到20世紀(jì)初亦未能得到根本改觀。 第四章研究農(nóng)民副業(yè)的發(fā)展情況。農(nóng)民試圖通過(guò)畜牧業(yè)和手工業(yè)等副業(yè)來(lái)增加收入,但是改革后農(nóng)民的畜牧業(yè)整體上呈現(xiàn)衰落趨勢(shì),手工業(yè)活動(dòng)也無(wú)助于緩解沉重的經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)。農(nóng)民副業(yè)只能對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)起到有益補(bǔ)充的作用。 結(jié)語(yǔ)部分對(duì)全篇進(jìn)行總結(jié),指出沙皇亞歷山大二世廢除農(nóng)奴制改革是順應(yīng)時(shí)局之舉,改革中既得利益集團(tuán)竭力維護(hù)傳統(tǒng),農(nóng)民的各種負(fù)擔(dān)比改革前更重,農(nóng)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展步履維艱,到20世紀(jì)初陷入嚴(yán)重危機(jī)之中。
[Abstract]:The reform of peasants in 1861 was an important event in Russian history, which abolished serfdom and liberated peasants. However, the liberation of peasants is only superficial. In fact, the vestiges of serfdom exist widely in Russia, and the exploitation of peasants is still not eliminated. The full text is divided into three parts: preface, four chapters text and conclusion. The preface mainly describes the research situation of this subject and the main problems of this paper. The first chapter introduces the laws and decrees issued in 1861 and the peasants in the reform process. The reform laws mainly include the General Act, four local decrees and other supplementary decrees. During the process of reform, relevant documents, contract documents, mediation regulations and buy-out agreements were promulgated. These decrees state explicitly that peasants become free men in the sense of law, with personal and property rights. However, the text of the decree has not been fully implemented in the course of implementation. The second chapter analyzes the peasants' taxes and rent after the reform. Through the analysis, the burden of bondage restricts the realization of peasants' personal freedom and land ownership. The government still pursued a strict tax policy. Farmers tried every means to raise taxes, but eventually they could not get rid of the fate of tax arrears. After the reform, the labor rent, the substitute rent and the mixed rent undertaken by the peasants are all changed into the service rent. In addition, the peasants bear various kinds of material obligations, so the economic burden of the peasants is even heavier. The heavy burden of taxes hindered the development of peasant economy. The third chapter studies the land use of farmers after the reform. The reform claimed that peasants could "take the land free", but in the process of the reform, the peasants' land ownership did not come true smoothly, the amount of land actually used by farmers decreased, the land capacity decreased, and the peasants rented and bought the land themselves. Reclaiming new land and reclaiming land from the government did not help, a situation that did not change fundamentally until the beginning of the 20th century. The fourth chapter studies the development of peasant sideline. Farmers try to increase their income through sideline industries such as animal husbandry and handicraft industry, but after the reform, the farmers' animal husbandry has a declining trend, and handicraft activities can not help alleviate the heavy economic burden. Farmer sideline industry can only play a beneficial supplementary role to agricultural economy. The conclusion summarizes the whole article and points out that the reform of serfdom abolished by tsar Alexander II is in keeping with the current situation. During the reform, vested interest groups tried their best to maintain tradition, and the peasants' burdens were heavier than before the reform. The development of peasant economy is difficult to get into serious crisis at the beginning of 20 th century.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：東北師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號(hào)】：K512

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