城市文化環(huán)境與紐約市的犯罪（1970-2001）
發(fā)布時間：2018-07-31 06:12
【摘要】：20世紀(jì)70至90年代中期是紐約市產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)由制造業(yè)為主向服務(wù)業(yè)為主轉(zhuǎn)變的重要時期,在經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)和城市財政危機(jī)背景下,城市文化環(huán)境在物質(zhì)和精神方面有所惡化,且成為紐約城市犯罪率攀升的重要影響因素。至90年代中期,紐約市成為一座后工業(yè)性城市,這標(biāo)志著紐約市產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整完成,工作崗位的增加緩解了就業(yè)問題,克林頓政府對傳統(tǒng)道德的重視以及紐約城市管理的加強(qiáng)推動紐約城市文化環(huán)境趨于好轉(zhuǎn),并促使犯罪率大幅度的下降。 本文在此時代大背景下,以紐約市產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整完成和朱利安尼市長上臺為標(biāo)志的90年代中期為時間斷限,由城市文化環(huán)境對犯罪的影響這一角度著手,對這30年間紐約城市犯罪的“一亂一治”作出具體分析和闡釋。 本文除前言外共分為三章,第一章是本文的理論研究和發(fā)展概述,第二章和第三章是本文的主題內(nèi)容。 第一章述評了城市文化環(huán)境和紐約城市犯罪的理論；概述了1970年至2001年,紐約城市文化環(huán)境與犯罪發(fā)展的歷程,以及1970年至2001年,紐約城市文化環(huán)境與犯罪的歷史特征。 第二章研究了城市文化環(huán)境與紐約市犯罪關(guān)系在70年代至90年代中期期間的特征表現(xiàn)。這是本文的主體部分之一,從林賽至丁勤時紐約市經(jīng)歷了四任市長,美國經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)及城市財政危機(jī)下,紐約市的圖書館、學(xué)校及公園等物質(zhì)文化設(shè)施遭遇危機(jī)并導(dǎo)致物質(zhì)文化環(huán)境惡化,影響到市民教育、就業(yè),打破了市民穩(wěn)定的生活方式。城市法制建設(shè)存在問題和種族關(guān)系緊張,市民對城市經(jīng)濟(jì)和安全的自信心喪失,性解放及家庭模式多元化帶來的負(fù)面影響,致使城市精神文化環(huán)境惡化。城市文化環(huán)境的惡化導(dǎo)致此時期紐約城市暴力犯罪、組織犯罪和青少年犯罪等方面犯罪率大幅增長。 第三章研究了城市文化環(huán)境與紐約市犯罪的關(guān)系在90年代中期至新千年開始期間的特征表現(xiàn)。這是本文另一個主體部分,期間紐約市的財政危機(jī)已經(jīng)基本消除,經(jīng)濟(jì)趨于好轉(zhuǎn),而且城市經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)型已經(jīng)基本結(jié)束,加上朱利安尼市政府加強(qiáng)對城市犯罪的防控,城市物質(zhì)文化設(shè)施在曲折發(fā)展中得到改善,城市法制建設(shè)加強(qiáng)、種族緊張關(guān)系緩和、市民對城市的自信心上升、家庭模式多元化消極影響下降,這些因素成為促使紐約城市物質(zhì)文化環(huán)境和精神文化環(huán)境趨于好轉(zhuǎn)的強(qiáng)力因素。與之相對應(yīng)的是,城市文化環(huán)境的好轉(zhuǎn)促使城市犯罪率在街頭犯罪、組織犯罪、青少年犯罪等方面急劇下降。 文章最后總結(jié),從20世紀(jì)最后30年的發(fā)展歷史來看,紐約的城市文化環(huán)境呈現(xiàn)出一定歷史階段特征,它的變化直接影響到紐約犯罪率的升降,而且物質(zhì)文化環(huán)境和精神文化環(huán)境是密切相連的,物質(zhì)文化環(huán)境的變化對于經(jīng)濟(jì)類的犯罪影響較大,精神文化環(huán)境的變化對于犯罪的影響十分重要。
[Abstract]:The 1970s and mid-1990s were an important period when the industrial structure of New York City changed from manufacturing to service industries. Under the background of the economic crisis and the urban financial crisis, the urban cultural environment deteriorated materially and spiritually. And become the city crime rate in New York City rising important factors. By the mid-1990s, New York City had become a post-industrial city, which marked the completion of industrial restructuring in New York City, and job creation eased the employment problem. The Clinton administration's emphasis on traditional morality and the strengthening of New York's urban management have promoted the improvement of the cultural environment in New York City and caused the crime rate to drop by a large margin. Against this background of the times, this paper takes the completion of industrial restructuring in New York City and the arrival of Mayor Giuliani as the time limit in the mid-1990s, starting from the perspective of the impact of the city's cultural environment on crime. This 30 years of New York City crime "a chaos and a governance" to make a specific analysis and interpretation. In addition to the preface, this paper is divided into three chapters. The first chapter is a summary of the theoretical research and development of this paper, the second and third chapters are the main content of this paper. The first chapter reviews the urban cultural environment and the theory of urban crime in New York, summarizes the development of urban cultural environment and crime in New York from 1970 to 2001, and the historical characteristics of urban cultural environment and crime in New York from 1970 to 2001. The second chapter studies the characteristics of the relationship between urban cultural environment and New York City crime from 1970s to mid-1990s. This is one of the main parts of this article, from Lindsey to Ding Qin, New York City experienced four mayors, the U. S. economic crisis and the city's financial crisis, the New York City Library, The physical and cultural facilities such as schools and parks are in crisis and lead to the deterioration of material and cultural environment, which affects the education and employment of citizens and breaks down the stable way of life of citizens. There are some problems in the construction of urban legal system, ethnic relations are tense, the confidence of citizens to urban economy and security is lost, the negative impact of sexual liberation and family pattern diversification, which results in the deterioration of urban spiritual and cultural environment. The deterioration of urban cultural environment led to a sharp increase in violent crime, organized crime and juvenile delinquency in New York during this period. The third chapter studies the relationship between urban cultural environment and crime in New York City during the mid-1990s to the beginning of the new millennium. This is another part of this article. During this period, the financial crisis in New York City has been basically eliminated, the economy has tended to improve, and the transformation of the urban economic structure has basically ended. In addition, the Giuliani municipal government has strengthened the prevention and control of urban crime. Urban material and cultural facilities have been improved in tortuous development, urban legal construction has been strengthened, ethnic tensions have eased, the confidence of citizens in the city has increased, and the negative impact of the diversity of family patterns has declined. These factors become the powerful factors that promote the improvement of material and spiritual cultural environment in New York City. Correspondingly, the improvement of urban cultural environment has led to a sharp decline in urban crime rate in street crime, organized crime, juvenile delinquency and so on. Finally, from the development history of the last 30 years of the 20th century, the urban cultural environment of New York presents certain historical features, and its changes directly affect the rise and fall of the crime rate in New York. And the material culture environment and the spiritual culture environment are closely linked, the material culture environment change to the economic class crime influence is big, the spirit culture environment change to the crime influence is very important.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華東師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：K712.54
[Abstract]:The 1970s and mid-1990s were an important period when the industrial structure of New York City changed from manufacturing to service industries. Under the background of the economic crisis and the urban financial crisis, the urban cultural environment deteriorated materially and spiritually. And become the city crime rate in New York City rising important factors. By the mid-1990s, New York City had become a post-industrial city, which marked the completion of industrial restructuring in New York City, and job creation eased the employment problem. The Clinton administration's emphasis on traditional morality and the strengthening of New York's urban management have promoted the improvement of the cultural environment in New York City and caused the crime rate to drop by a large margin. Against this background of the times, this paper takes the completion of industrial restructuring in New York City and the arrival of Mayor Giuliani as the time limit in the mid-1990s, starting from the perspective of the impact of the city's cultural environment on crime. This 30 years of New York City crime "a chaos and a governance" to make a specific analysis and interpretation. In addition to the preface, this paper is divided into three chapters. The first chapter is a summary of the theoretical research and development of this paper, the second and third chapters are the main content of this paper. The first chapter reviews the urban cultural environment and the theory of urban crime in New York, summarizes the development of urban cultural environment and crime in New York from 1970 to 2001, and the historical characteristics of urban cultural environment and crime in New York from 1970 to 2001. The second chapter studies the characteristics of the relationship between urban cultural environment and New York City crime from 1970s to mid-1990s. This is one of the main parts of this article, from Lindsey to Ding Qin, New York City experienced four mayors, the U. S. economic crisis and the city's financial crisis, the New York City Library, The physical and cultural facilities such as schools and parks are in crisis and lead to the deterioration of material and cultural environment, which affects the education and employment of citizens and breaks down the stable way of life of citizens. There are some problems in the construction of urban legal system, ethnic relations are tense, the confidence of citizens to urban economy and security is lost, the negative impact of sexual liberation and family pattern diversification, which results in the deterioration of urban spiritual and cultural environment. The deterioration of urban cultural environment led to a sharp increase in violent crime, organized crime and juvenile delinquency in New York during this period. The third chapter studies the relationship between urban cultural environment and crime in New York City during the mid-1990s to the beginning of the new millennium. This is another part of this article. During this period, the financial crisis in New York City has been basically eliminated, the economy has tended to improve, and the transformation of the urban economic structure has basically ended. In addition, the Giuliani municipal government has strengthened the prevention and control of urban crime. Urban material and cultural facilities have been improved in tortuous development, urban legal construction has been strengthened, ethnic tensions have eased, the confidence of citizens in the city has increased, and the negative impact of the diversity of family patterns has declined. These factors become the powerful factors that promote the improvement of material and spiritual cultural environment in New York City. Correspondingly, the improvement of urban cultural environment has led to a sharp decline in urban crime rate in street crime, organized crime, juvenile delinquency and so on. Finally, from the development history of the last 30 years of the 20th century, the urban cultural environment of New York presents certain historical features, and its changes directly affect the rise and fall of the crime rate in New York. And the material culture environment and the spiritual culture environment are closely linked, the material culture environment change to the economic class crime influence is big, the spirit culture environment change to the crime influence is very important.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華東師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：K712.54
【參考文獻(xiàn)】
相關(guān)期刊論文 前9條
1 王世洲,劉淑s，
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