“文化傳播”理論視角中的傳教士與美國華人社會（1848-1900）
發(fā)布時間：2018-07-25 16:03
【摘要】： 美國是一個移民國家,同時,美國又是一個宗教性很強的國家。美國的移民問題和宗教問題往往交織在一起,密不可分。一方面,移民在登陸美國的同時帶來了自己的傳統(tǒng)宗教,如基督新教、天主教、猶太教、伊斯蘭教、佛教、道教等種類繁多的宗教,使美國的宗教日益多元化。另一方面,作為美國文化核心的基督教文化試圖將外來移民同化到美國的大熔爐中去,美國教會派遣傳教士到移民群體中進行宗教文化傳播,使外來移民皈依基督,成為美國基督教文化的一份子。這種多元與一體的矛盾便構(gòu)成了美國移民與宗教問題發(fā)展的主流趨勢。 作為移民最早、人數(shù)最多的亞洲移民,美國華人群體尤為凸顯出美國移民與宗教問題的矛盾傾向:華人移民將中國傳統(tǒng)的佛教、道教和民間宗教帶到了美洲新大陸;同時,美國各大教會在華人移民剛剛登陸美國的時候,便注意到了華人移民的存在,開始派遣傳教士到美國華人社會進行宗教文化傳播活動。美國傳教士在華人社會的宗教文化傳播行為構(gòu)成了19世紀中西兩種風格迥異的文化在美國土地上的民眾層面的傳播和交流,奠定了美國華人基督教會發(fā)展的根基。 本文嘗試以19世紀到美國華人社會進行傳教活動的美國白人傳教士群體為研究對象,運用文化傳播學的相關(guān)理論,將傳教士群體視為中西文化傳播與交流的使者,從文化傳播的環(huán)境、主體、方式和內(nèi)容、客體等文化傳播行為的構(gòu)成因素方面,對傳教士在美國華人社會的宗教文化傳播行為進行研究,并對傳教士的宗教文化傳播效果進行評估。 除了引言和結(jié)論之外,本文分為四章。 第一章考察了19世紀傳教士在美國華人社會進行宗教文化傳播的傳播環(huán)境的形成。文化交流與傳播的發(fā)生首先依賴于不同文化在特定歷史條件下的激烈碰撞,形成必要的傳播環(huán)境。19世紀中期以前,由于地理環(huán)境的阻隔和科技發(fā)展水平的落后,中西文化之間缺乏大范圍的民眾層面的交流與傳播。1848年,美國加利福尼亞州發(fā)現(xiàn)金礦之后,華人開始大規(guī)模地登陸美國。由于當時美國社會對華人的排斥和歧視,以及美國華人自身的旅居觀念,美國華人將中國傳統(tǒng)文化原封不動地移植到了北美大陸。這樣,在北美大陸便形成了中西兩種文化激烈沖突碰撞的局面,傳教士宗教文化傳播的環(huán)境由此形成。 第二章主要考察了作為文化傳播主體的美國傳教士的宗教文化傳播動機。一方面,傳教士的傳教動機源自于一神論基督教的傳播上帝福音的神圣使命;另一方面則源自于傳教士的種族主義華人觀,傳教士認為,中國文化是低劣的文化,華人是美國盎格魯——薩克遜白人社會的威脅,向美國華人社會傳播上帝福音,使他們皈依基督教是解除這種威脅的根本途徑。此外,在美國傳教士看來,他們的傳教活動還具有培養(yǎng)華人事工返回中國傳教的目的。 第三章主要考察了傳教士在美國華人中進行宗教文化傳播的方式,其中主要包括宗教性的建立華人傳教會和華人教會、街頭傳教等,以及世俗性的成立女館,解救美國華人婦女,成立教會學校,對美國華人進行英語和基督教教育等。 第四章考察了作為傳教士文化傳播客體的美國華人社會對于傳教士宗教文化傳播行為的反應(yīng)。面對傳教士的宗教文化傳播,美國華人社會內(nèi)部產(chǎn)生了分化:大多數(shù)美國華人大眾和社會精英階層對于傳教士的文化傳播行為采取了抵制態(tài)度,但也有很少一部分美國華人接受了傳教士所傳播的基督教文化,改信了基督教,游離于中華傳統(tǒng)文化和美國文化之間。 結(jié)論部分,通過對存在于19世紀美國傳教士對美國華人進行宗教文化傳播活動中諸多重要因素的考察,并對這種宗教文化傳播的效果進行評估,本文得出結(jié)論:19世紀傳教士在美國華人社會進行的宗教文化傳播并未實現(xiàn)其預(yù)期目的,因為文化的交流與傳播受控于非常具體和歷史性的多元因素,其效果需經(jīng)歷漫長而復(fù)雜的歷程才能充分體現(xiàn)出來。
[Abstract]:The United States is an immigrant country, and the United States is a very religious country. The immigration and religious issues of the United States are often intertwined and inseparable. On the one hand, immigrants have brought their own traditional religions, such as Protestant, Catholic, Judaism, Islam, Buddhism, Taoism and so on. On the other hand, the Christian culture, which is the core of the American culture, tries to assimilate immigrants into the melting pot of the United States, and the American churches send missionaries to the immigrant community to carry out religious culture, to convert immigrants to Christ and to become part of American Christian culture. The contradiction between pluralism and unity constitutes the main trend of the development of immigration and religion in the United States.
As the earliest and most immigrant Asian immigrants, the American Chinese population particularly highlighted the contradictory tendency of American immigrants and religious issues: Chinese immigrants brought traditional Chinese Buddhism, Taoism and folk religion to the new continent. The existence of the people began to send missionaries to the American Chinese society to carry out religious and cultural communication activities. The spread and communication of the religious culture of American missionaries in Chinese society formed the foundation of the development of the American Chinese Christian church by the spread and communication between the two different cultures of Chinese and Western cultures in the American land in nineteenth Century.
This article tries to take the American white missionaries in the American Chinese society in nineteenth Century as the research object, and uses the related theories of cultural communication to view the missionaries as the messenger of the communication and communication between Chinese and Western culture, and the factors that constitute the cultural communication behavior from the cultural communication environment, the subject, the way and the content and the object. In the face of the missionary's religious cultural dissemination behavior in the American Chinese society, the author evaluates the missionary's religious and cultural transmission effect.
In addition to the introduction and conclusion, this article is divided into four chapters.
The first chapter examines the formation of the spread environment of the religious culture of the missionaries in the Chinese Chinese society in the nineteenth Century. The occurrence of cultural exchange and communication depends on the fierce collision of different cultures under specific historical conditions, forming the necessary communication environment before the middle of the.19 century, due to the barrier of geographical environment and the level of scientific and technological development. There is a lack of communication and communication between Chinese and Western cultures in.1848 years. After the discovery of gold gold in California, the Chinese began to land in the United States on a large scale. It was transplanted to the North American continent. In this way, in the North American continent, the two cultural clashes and collisions between China and the West were formed, and the environment of the missionaries' religious culture was formed.
The second chapter mainly investigates the religious and cultural communication motivation of American missionaries as the main body of cultural communication. On the one hand, the missionaries' motive for missionaries derives from the sacred mission of the monotheism to disseminating the gospel of God; on the other hand, it derives from the racist Chinese outlook of the missionaries, and the missionaries believe that Chinese culture is a inferior culture. The Chinese are a threat to the American Anglo Saxon white society. To spread the gospel of God to the American Chinese society and to convert them to Christianity is the fundamental way to dissolve this threat. In addition, in the view of American missionaries, their missionary activities also have the purpose of training Chinese personnel to return to Chinese missionary work.
The third chapter mainly examines the way missionaries carry out religious and cultural communication among American Chinese, including the religious establishment of Chinese missionary societies and Chinese churches, street missionaries, and secular women's pavilions, the rescue of American Chinese women, the establishment of church schools, and the English and Christian Education of American Chinese.
The fourth chapter examines the reaction of the American Chinese society as the object of the missionaries' cultural communication to the missionaries' religious culture. In the face of the spread of the missionaries' religious culture, the internal Chinese Chinese society has formed a differentiation: the majority of the American Chinese and the social elite have resisted the cultural communication of the missionaries. But there are also a few American Chinese who have accepted the Christian culture spread by the missionaries and converted to Christianity, free between the Chinese traditional culture and the American culture.
The conclusion part, through the investigation of many important factors in the religious and cultural transmission of American Chinese in nineteenth Century, and the evaluation of the effect of this kind of religious culture. This article draws a conclusion that the religious culture spread by the missionaries in the American Chinese society in nineteenth Century did not realize their intended purpose. For cultural exchange and communication controlled by very specific and historical factors, its effect needs to go through a long and complicated process to fully reflect it.
【學位授予單位】：東北師范大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2009
【分類號】：K712.4
本文編號：2144333
[Abstract]:The United States is an immigrant country, and the United States is a very religious country. The immigration and religious issues of the United States are often intertwined and inseparable. On the one hand, immigrants have brought their own traditional religions, such as Protestant, Catholic, Judaism, Islam, Buddhism, Taoism and so on. On the other hand, the Christian culture, which is the core of the American culture, tries to assimilate immigrants into the melting pot of the United States, and the American churches send missionaries to the immigrant community to carry out religious culture, to convert immigrants to Christ and to become part of American Christian culture. The contradiction between pluralism and unity constitutes the main trend of the development of immigration and religion in the United States.
As the earliest and most immigrant Asian immigrants, the American Chinese population particularly highlighted the contradictory tendency of American immigrants and religious issues: Chinese immigrants brought traditional Chinese Buddhism, Taoism and folk religion to the new continent. The existence of the people began to send missionaries to the American Chinese society to carry out religious and cultural communication activities. The spread and communication of the religious culture of American missionaries in Chinese society formed the foundation of the development of the American Chinese Christian church by the spread and communication between the two different cultures of Chinese and Western cultures in the American land in nineteenth Century.
This article tries to take the American white missionaries in the American Chinese society in nineteenth Century as the research object, and uses the related theories of cultural communication to view the missionaries as the messenger of the communication and communication between Chinese and Western culture, and the factors that constitute the cultural communication behavior from the cultural communication environment, the subject, the way and the content and the object. In the face of the missionary's religious cultural dissemination behavior in the American Chinese society, the author evaluates the missionary's religious and cultural transmission effect.
In addition to the introduction and conclusion, this article is divided into four chapters.
The first chapter examines the formation of the spread environment of the religious culture of the missionaries in the Chinese Chinese society in the nineteenth Century. The occurrence of cultural exchange and communication depends on the fierce collision of different cultures under specific historical conditions, forming the necessary communication environment before the middle of the.19 century, due to the barrier of geographical environment and the level of scientific and technological development. There is a lack of communication and communication between Chinese and Western cultures in.1848 years. After the discovery of gold gold in California, the Chinese began to land in the United States on a large scale. It was transplanted to the North American continent. In this way, in the North American continent, the two cultural clashes and collisions between China and the West were formed, and the environment of the missionaries' religious culture was formed.
The second chapter mainly investigates the religious and cultural communication motivation of American missionaries as the main body of cultural communication. On the one hand, the missionaries' motive for missionaries derives from the sacred mission of the monotheism to disseminating the gospel of God; on the other hand, it derives from the racist Chinese outlook of the missionaries, and the missionaries believe that Chinese culture is a inferior culture. The Chinese are a threat to the American Anglo Saxon white society. To spread the gospel of God to the American Chinese society and to convert them to Christianity is the fundamental way to dissolve this threat. In addition, in the view of American missionaries, their missionary activities also have the purpose of training Chinese personnel to return to Chinese missionary work.
The third chapter mainly examines the way missionaries carry out religious and cultural communication among American Chinese, including the religious establishment of Chinese missionary societies and Chinese churches, street missionaries, and secular women's pavilions, the rescue of American Chinese women, the establishment of church schools, and the English and Christian Education of American Chinese.
The fourth chapter examines the reaction of the American Chinese society as the object of the missionaries' cultural communication to the missionaries' religious culture. In the face of the spread of the missionaries' religious culture, the internal Chinese Chinese society has formed a differentiation: the majority of the American Chinese and the social elite have resisted the cultural communication of the missionaries. But there are also a few American Chinese who have accepted the Christian culture spread by the missionaries and converted to Christianity, free between the Chinese traditional culture and the American culture.
The conclusion part, through the investigation of many important factors in the religious and cultural transmission of American Chinese in nineteenth Century, and the evaluation of the effect of this kind of religious culture. This article draws a conclusion that the religious culture spread by the missionaries in the American Chinese society in nineteenth Century did not realize their intended purpose. For cultural exchange and communication controlled by very specific and historical factors, its effect needs to go through a long and complicated process to fully reflect it.
【學位授予單位】：東北師范大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2009
【分類號】：K712.4
【引證文獻】
相關(guān)期刊論文 前1條
1 李永;;試論二戰(zhàn)前舊金山華人教育的歷史特點[J];東疆學刊;2012年03期
相關(guān)博士學位論文 前2條
1 杜忠鋒;基督宗教傳播與少數(shù)民族日常生活世界的建構(gòu)[D];浙江大學;2012年
2 宋天倚;宗教涉外事務(wù)管理研究[D];中央民族大學;2012年
相關(guān)碩士學位論文 前2條
1 周思佚;韓劇在中國熱播的文化傳播學分析[D];蘭州大學;2011年
2 崔立偉;近年來國內(nèi)學界美國宗教和宗教史研究綜述[D];東北師范大學;2010年
，本文編號：2144333
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