【摘要】： 戰(zhàn)后,鑒于發(fā)展原子能的重要性,法國(guó)于1945年10月18成立了原子能委員會(huì),致力于科學(xué)、工業(yè)和國(guó)防領(lǐng)域的原子能研究。至此,拉開(kāi)了戰(zhàn)后法國(guó)原子能發(fā)展的序幕,并進(jìn)一步走上了發(fā)展獨(dú)立核力量的道路,且與美國(guó)在核控制與反控制的較量中一直保持著強(qiáng)硬的態(tài)度,直至1974年法國(guó)才正式宣布停止在大氣層進(jìn)行核試驗(yàn)。殊不知,法國(guó)原子能發(fā)展的一舉一動(dòng),皆在美國(guó)的密切關(guān)注之中。 解密文件顯示,自1946年起,美國(guó)便開(kāi)始積極刺探和搜集法國(guó)發(fā)展核武器計(jì)劃的情報(bào),就美國(guó)而言,“不管是敵是友,任何有意發(fā)展核武器的國(guó)家都成為美國(guó)監(jiān)視的對(duì)象”。戰(zhàn)后初期,法國(guó)原子能研究的興起與發(fā)展遂即成為美國(guó)最初關(guān)注的目標(biāo)。美國(guó)認(rèn)為,在經(jīng)過(guò)幾年的基礎(chǔ)研究之后,法國(guó)業(yè)已擁有支持其核武器項(xiàng)目的足夠的自然資源、設(shè)備以及研究和開(kāi)發(fā)人員,有能力發(fā)展核武器;法國(guó)發(fā)展核武器計(jì)劃是美國(guó)關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn),經(jīng)過(guò)不懈的努力,法國(guó)逐漸形成了一支“三位一體”的、獨(dú)立而有限的戰(zhàn)略威懾力量;確保核壟斷地位及其在西方聯(lián)盟內(nèi)部的統(tǒng)治權(quán)威是美國(guó)制定對(duì)法核政策的出發(fā)點(diǎn),阻止法國(guó)發(fā)展核力量是美國(guó)的一貫方針。在阻止未果的前提下,美國(guó)轉(zhuǎn)而力圖控制法國(guó)核力量,以期淡化其核武器的獨(dú)立性。霸道的核政策必然遭致法國(guó)的堅(jiān)決抵抗,為最大限度地將法國(guó)團(tuán)結(jié)在美國(guó)周?chē)?有效緩解美法矛盾,美國(guó)不得不做出某種妥協(xié),在秘密的前提下與法國(guó)進(jìn)行單向性的核技術(shù)合作,幫助法國(guó)發(fā)展核武器。 總的來(lái)說(shuō),美國(guó)對(duì)法國(guó)發(fā)展核武器計(jì)劃的情報(bào)評(píng)估,起始時(shí)間早,歷時(shí)長(zhǎng),涉及面廣,涵蓋了法國(guó)核武器研發(fā)的各個(gè)方面,匯集了美國(guó)中央情報(bào)局、太平洋司令部等多家機(jī)構(gòu)情報(bào)部門(mén)的共同努力,并曾一度使用U-2飛機(jī)等較為先進(jìn)的情報(bào)搜集工具與手段。從其評(píng)估結(jié)果來(lái)看,雖稍有出入,但總體而言,還是頗為準(zhǔn)確而及時(shí),為美國(guó)制定對(duì)法政策,提供了有利的參考。從美法關(guān)系的沉浮中,我們不難看出,國(guó)家利益仍是主導(dǎo)各國(guó)各項(xiàng)政策的實(shí)質(zhì)性因素,同時(shí),也是影響國(guó)與國(guó)之間關(guān)系的決定性因素,任何所謂的友好同盟只是以共同利益為切合點(diǎn)所形成的暫時(shí)利益同盟,并非是牢不可破的。
[Abstract]:After the war, in view of the importance of the development of atomic energy, France established the Atomic Energy Commission on October 18, 1945 to study atomic energy in the fields of science, industry and defence. At this point, it opened the prelude to the development of nuclear energy in France after the war, and further embarked on the road of developing independent nuclear forces, and has always maintained a strong attitude against the United States in the contest between nuclear control and anti-control. It was not until 1974 that France officially declared a moratorium on nuclear testing in the atmosphere. However, the French atomic energy development in every move, in the United States close attention. The declassified documents show that since 1946, the United States has been actively spying and collecting intelligence on France's nuclear weapons development.As far as the United States is concerned, "any country that intends to develop nuclear weapons, whether it is an enemy or a friend, has become the object of US surveillance." In the early postwar period, the rise and development of atomic energy research in France became the initial concern of the United States. The United States believes that, after several years of basic research, France already has sufficient natural resources, equipment and research and development personnel to support its nuclear weapons programme and is capable of developing nuclear weapons; The development of nuclear weapons in France is the focus of attention of the United States. Through unremitting efforts, France has gradually formed a "trinity", independent and limited strategic deterrence; To ensure the nuclear monopoly and its ruling authority within the western alliance is the starting point for the United States to formulate its nuclear policy towards France, and it is the consistent policy of the United States to prevent France from developing its nuclear forces. With no success, the United States sought to rein in French nuclear forces in an attempt to dilute its nuclear independence. The hegemonic nuclear policy is bound to be met with resolute resistance from France. In order to unite France to the maximum extent around the United States and to effectively alleviate the contradiction between the United States and France, the United States has to make some kind of compromise. Cooperation with France on nuclear technology in a secret way to help France develop nuclear weapons. In general, the United States' intelligence assessment of France's nuclear weapons development programme was initiated early, with a long history, covering a wide range of aspects of French nuclear weapons development, and bringing together the United States Central Intelligence Agency. The joint efforts of the Pacific Command and other agencies and intelligence departments, and the use of U-2 aircraft and other more advanced intelligence gathering tools and means. Judging from its evaluation results, although slightly different, overall, it is quite accurate and timely, which provides a favorable reference for the United States to formulate its policy on France. From the ups and downs of US-France relations, it is not difficult to see that national interests are still the substantive factors that dominate the policies of various countries, and at the same time, they are also the decisive factors affecting the relations between countries. Any so-called alliance of friendship is only a temporary alliance of interests based on the common good, not unbreakable.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：東北師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2008
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：K153

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