本文選題：福利 + 里根政府　； 參考：《復旦大學》2006年博士論文

【摘要】： 上世紀八十年代，美國的社會福利制度正遭受來自新保守主義的政治新觀念、供應學派和貨幣學派的福利觀以及美國福利學界、社會工作者和民眾“反福利論”的巨大挑戰(zhàn)，上世紀三十年代中期形成的羅斯�！靶抡笔礁＠Ｊ浇�(jīng)歷約翰遜時期“偉大社會”計劃之后遭受到來自各方的質疑。在普遍的“福利培養(yǎng)依賴和懶漢”的民意輿論下，美國的福利制度發(fā)展面臨危機。不僅如此，更多的證據(jù)還顯示美國的社會保險計劃正陷于財政危機當中，由于退休人口超出想象的增長，美國的養(yǎng)老社會保險基金即將用罄，大量的在職工作者將面臨老年后無養(yǎng)老保險可用的危險。在這種條件下，美國國內連續(xù)多年經(jīng)濟情勢低迷，經(jīng)濟發(fā)展出現(xiàn)高通貨膨脹率和高失業(yè)率并存的滯脹局面，可謂“屋漏偏遭連夜雨”。面對這種不利局面，美國如何挽回民眾對社會福利政策的信心，如何調整政策使發(fā)展經(jīng)濟的根本目標同社會福利政策的社會目標相協(xié)調，美國將如何改革其固有的“新政”式福利發(fā)展路線，都是極為重要的問題。 本文以歷史回顧的方式，試圖論述美國二十世紀八十年代福利改革的歷史進程，以及它的國內影響和國際影響，通過對這一時代福利變革的原因、經(jīng)過和結果的闡釋，概括出美國這一時期福利改革的基本特征，并對此事件進行歷史的分析和評價。 第一章，美國福利政策的發(fā)展和福利危機，具體描述美國上世紀八十年代福利改革展開的廣泛社會背景，對于其中涉及的經(jīng)濟變化、社會思潮的轉型以及政治風向標的轉變等重要歷史背景進行勾勒，論證美國該階段進行社會福利變革的必要性和緊迫性； 第二章，社會問題與福利政策，重點討論福利改革前夕福利改革關注的社會問題以及達成的解決政策。特別強調學界爭論、民意輿論和美國社會中的重點社會問題對美國社會福利政策產(chǎn)生的重要影響，明確里根時期社會福利政策變革的重點問題。 第三章，重構福利契約的實踐，主要記述里根作為二戰(zhàn)后共和黨的代表對美國福利危機的反應。里根及其班底是如何運用“里根經(jīng)濟學”、“新聯(lián)邦主義”以及新保守主義觀念重塑美國福利契約的過程，從整個福利政策的政治儲備、立法基礎以及具體政策的推行三個方面來說明里根時期社會政策的發(fā)展特征：削減和下放。其中重點討論了州和地方政府對于聯(lián)邦福利政策變革的反應，從下至上來論證這次改革的實效。最后本章具體論述了里根時期的各項社會福利政策以及里根福利改革的延續(xù)，認為政府削減策略的實施取得實效但并未如約定的“平均化”，后者導致了一系列社會問題的出現(xiàn)。 第四章，里根福利改革之外，主要討論政府福利政策改革之外——志愿組織、商業(yè)組織和草根組織在美國社會福利史上作用的變化和發(fā)展，目的是從政府改革之外的角度講述美國當時的福利狀況，同時也說明美國的福利政策正朝向多元化的發(fā)展方向邁進。 第五章，評價里根時期福利改革，則著重分析和評價里根時期的福利改革。到目前為止，里根政府的福利改革已經(jīng)塵埃落定，我們應當如何來看待這場美國人心目中的“革命”?結合關于問題的爭論，，本章詳細論述了里根福利改革的后果，對里根改革的爭論評價、以及其改革在福利觀上取得的巨大勝利。 最后，本文的結論是美國上世紀八十年代已經(jīng)發(fā)生明顯的變化。此時福利改革的基礎是經(jīng)濟衰退導致社會福利制度的社會福利立法和相關社會福利政策與聯(lián)邦財政儲備之間緊張關系。在財政預算困難的情況下，削減人民大眾的福利是資本主義社會的必然之舉。福利危機論的廣泛傳播使得美國人民的注意力從擺脫貧困、增加公民權利的焦點轉向到解決社會福利政策實施中的財政危機問題中去，這種轉向與政治上保守主義觀念興起有關，同時也與福利政策存在不合理因素有關，因此此時美國社會福利的改革也走向了自由主義擴張的反面。 對于里根政府改革福利的舉措。本人認為雖然里根政府的福利政策采取了縮減、下放和私營化的形式，但里根主義至少在以下幾個方面發(fā)揮了積極作用：1、注意到了集體福利問題和個體福利問題的區(qū)別。以往福利制度對所有福利人口一刀切式的解決辦法并不能真正解決他們各自的燃眉之急，福利制度應當多元化；2、美國的福利制度由政府統(tǒng)一接管，限制了州的自由性，作為高高在上的聯(lián)邦政府并不具備了解各州具體實際情況的本領，故而由聯(lián)邦進行管理，既造成政府開支的無謂擴大，又不能解決實際問題，應當予以改善。里根改革舉措實際上改善了地方政府與聯(lián)邦的關系；3、面對福利欺詐，聯(lián)邦政府應該給予這樣的人以迎頭痛擊，減少進行欺詐的可能性，還民以公道。 里根時期的福利改革是美國福利發(fā)展中的分水嶺，里根的福利改革最大勝利即其福利觀的勝利。這體現(xiàn)在：“自我依賴”和工作倫理的道德價值觀成為福利政策發(fā)展中的核心價值觀。而以“市場化”和“私有化”為特征的福利模式將是今后美國福利政策變革的根本目標；最后，強調政府處理社會事務角色的轉換，政府不再是過去的干涉者，而是社會福利計劃的監(jiān)督者，最終的計劃、實施、管理都由直轄部門完成。經(jīng)過里根的福利改革之后，更多新概念例如公民責任、福利社會、工作福利以及市場化等詞匯迅速進入美國的政策分析領域。美國的福利體系從兼具社會保險和公共援助兩項功能普遍性的福利模式退化為以社會保險和工作福利為主的選擇性福利模式；聯(lián)邦的功能隨之從普及性向選擇性，從系統(tǒng) 性向實用性進行轉變；社會福利的責任從政府與企業(yè)的責任向個人與社區(qū)的責任轉變。
[Abstract]:In the 80s of last century, the social welfare system of the United States was subjected to new political ideas from Neo conservatism, the welfare view of the supply school and the monetary school, the great challenge of the social workers and the people's "anti welfare theory", and the Roosevelt "new policy" welfare model formed in the middle of the last century in the middle of the last century in the 30s. The "great society" plan of the Johnson period was questioned by all parties. In the general public opinion of "welfare dependence and slacker", the development of the welfare system in the United States faced crisis. More evidence also showed that the social insurance program in the United States was in the middle of the financial crisis, because the retirees exceeded the thought. As the growth of the social insurance fund in the United States is running out, a large number of working workers will be faced with the danger of no pension insurance available for the elderly. Under this condition, the economic situation in the United States has been depressed for many years, and the stagflation of high inflation rate and high unemployment rate in the economic development has appeared. In the face of this unfavorable situation, how the United States restores the people's confidence in social welfare policy and how to adjust the policy to harmonize the fundamental goal of the development economy with the social goals of social welfare policy, how the United States will reform its inherent "new policy" welfare development route is a very important issue.
In the way of historical review, this paper tries to discuss the historical process of the welfare reform in the United States in 1980s, and its domestic and international influence. Through the explanation of the reasons for the welfare reform in this era and the interpretation of the results, the basic characteristics of the welfare reform in this period are summarized, and the historical points are divided into this event. Analysis and evaluation.
The first chapter, the development and welfare crisis of the American welfare policy, describes the broad social background of the welfare reform in the United States in the 80s of last century, and outlines the important historical background of the economic change, the transformation of the social trend of thought and the transformation of the political vane, and demonstrates the social welfare reform in the United States. Necessity and urgency;
The second chapter, the social problems and welfare policies, focuses on the social issues of welfare reform on the eve of the welfare reform and the settlement policy. It emphasizes the important influence of the academic debate, public opinion and the key social problems in the American society on the social welfare policy of the United States, and makes clear the reform of social welfare policy in the period of Reagan. Key issues.
The third chapter, reconstructing the practice of the welfare contract, mainly describes Reagan's reaction to the American welfare crisis as the representative of the Republican Party after World War II. Reagan and his class are how to use "Reagan economics", "new federalism" and new conservatism to reshape the American welfare contract, from the political reserve of the whole welfare policy. Three aspects of the legal basis and the implementation of specific policies are introduced to illustrate the characteristics of the development of social policy in the Reagan period: reduction and decentralization. The emphasis is on the response of state and local governments to the change of federal welfare policy. From the bottom to up, the effectiveness of the reform is demonstrated. Finally, the social welfare of the Reagan period is discussed in this chapter. The continuation of the policy and the Reagan welfare reform believes that the implementation of the government's reduction strategy has been effective but not as an agreed "averaging", which has led to a series of social problems.
The fourth chapter, in addition to Reagan's welfare reform, mainly discusses the changes and development of the function of voluntary organizations, commercial organizations and grassroots organizations in the history of social welfare in the United States, in addition to the reform of the welfare policy of the government. The purpose is to tell the state of the welfare of the United States at the time from the angle of government reform, and also to show that the welfare policy of the United States is facing pluralism. The direction of development is moving.
The fifth chapter, to evaluate the welfare reform of the Reagan period, focuses on the analysis and evaluation of the welfare reform of the Reagan period. So far, the Reagan government's welfare reform has been settled. How should we look at the "revolution" in this American mind? And combine the controversy about the problem, this chapter expounds the consequences of the Reagan welfare reform in detail. The debate on Reagan's reform and the great victory of its reform on welfare concept.
Finally, the conclusion of this article is that the United States had changed obviously in the 80s of last century. The basis of the welfare reform was the social welfare legislation of the social welfare system and the tension between the relevant social welfare policies and the federal fiscal reserve. The wide spread of the theory of the welfare crisis has made the attention of the American people from getting rid of poverty and increasing the focus of civil rights to solving the financial crisis in the implementation of social welfare policies. This turn is related to the rise of the political conservatism and the existence of the welfare policy. Therefore, the reform of American social welfare has also gone to the opposite of liberalism.
For the Reagan administration's move to reform welfare, I think that although the Reagan government's welfare policy has taken the form of reduction, decentralization and privatization, the Reagan doctrine has played a positive role in at least the following aspects: 1, notice the difference between the collective welfare and the individual welfare. One size fits all solution does not really solve their own urgency, and the welfare system should be diversified. 2, the United States' welfare system is taken over by the government to limit the state's freedom. As a federal government, the federal government does not have the ability to understand the actual conditions of the States, so the federal administration is not only responsible for the management of the state. The unnecessary expansion of government spending, which can not solve practical problems, should be improved. The Reagan reform measures have actually improved the relationship between the local government and the federal government; 3, in the face of welfare fraud, the federal government should give such people a head-on pain, reduce the possibility of fraud, and be fair to the people.
The welfare reform of the Reagan period is the watershed in the development of American welfare, and the greatest victory of Reagan's welfare reform is the victory of its welfare view. This is reflected in the core values of "self dependence" and the ethical values of work ethics as the core values in the development of welfare policies. It will be the fundamental goal of the reform of the American welfare policy in the future. Finally, it emphasizes the government's transformation of the role of social affairs, the government is no longer the past interventionist, but the supervisor of the social welfare program. The final plan, implementation, and management are all completed by the central government. After Reagan's welfare reform, more new concepts such as civic responsibility are introduced. The welfare system, such as welfare society, work welfare, and marketization, quickly enters the field of policy analysis in the United States. The welfare system of the United States degenerates from the universal welfare model with two functions of social insurance and public assistance into a selective welfare model based on social insurance and work welfare; the function of the federal system is followed by the universal choice. Sex, from the system
The responsibility for social welfare changes from the responsibility of the government and the enterprise to the responsibility of individuals and communities.
【學位授予單位】：復旦大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2006
【分類號】：K712.54

【引證文獻】

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2 霍玉婷;美國社會保障制度發(fā)展沿革及對中國的啟示[D];河北大學;2009年

3 馬超男;當代美國下層黑人女性婚姻困境及其原因分析[D];東北師范大學;2010年

4 李r圅

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