本文選題：沙特阿拉伯 + 國家構(gòu)建　； 參考：《西北大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：沙特阿拉伯作為阿拉伯半島上最大的國家,其國土面積占半島總面積的約80%以上。沙特阿拉伯的氣候炎熱干燥,境內(nèi)只有一些季節(jié)性河流,無常年性河流,國土面積50%的地區(qū)都被沙漠覆蓋。惡劣的自然環(huán)境決定了在阿拉伯半島長期的歷史發(fā)展中,逐水草而居的游牧生活始終占據(jù)主導(dǎo)地位。部落是阿拉伯半島上主要的社會單元。部落傳統(tǒng)植根于阿拉伯半島游牧民生活的方方面面。19世紀(jì)末20世紀(jì)初,沙特家族的領(lǐng)袖伊本·沙特在瓦哈比派伊斯蘭教教義的旗幟下,經(jīng)過20多年的部落征服戰(zhàn)爭,兼并了阿拉伯半島上的絕大部分地區(qū),最終在1932年建立了以沙特家族為統(tǒng)治核心的沙特阿拉伯王國。沙特阿拉伯國家的建立,對阿拉伯半島的影響是巨大的。自古以來在阿拉伯半島,由于自然條件和生產(chǎn)方式的局限,阿拉伯半島一直缺乏堪稱“國家組織”或“國家政權(quán)”形式的實(shí)踐。在早期沙特王國誕生前的阿拉伯半島,除個別短暫的歷史時期外,幾乎沒有出現(xiàn)或產(chǎn)生過任何一種結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜和功能分化也比較健全的政權(quán)形式。對阿拉伯半島上游牧民而言,“國家觀念”或“國家意識”是陌生的。民族國家作為近代以來主要的國際關(guān)系體,是一種普遍的國家形式。沙特阿拉伯家族統(tǒng)治的教俗合一的政治體制,在中東地區(qū)甚至世界范圍內(nèi)都具有特殊性。在其建國后的幾十年中,無論中東其他國家政權(quán)如何更迭,國際風(fēng)云如何變幻,沙特阿拉伯國家始終保持著傳統(tǒng)的家族統(tǒng)治的政治體制,并在平穩(wěn)的政治環(huán)境中實(shí)現(xiàn)王權(quán)在沙特家族內(nèi)部的過渡。因此,對沙特國家構(gòu)建的研究具有現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。在沙特阿拉伯國家構(gòu)建的過程中,部落因素起到了二重作用。在完成統(tǒng)一的過程中,伊本·沙特為打破氏族部落組織,割除游牧社會弊端,以瓦哈比派伊斯蘭教教義為旗幟,發(fā)動了伊赫萬運(yùn)動,使部落關(guān)系根深蒂固的阿拉伯半島發(fā)生巨大變化,瓦哈比派的兄弟之愛取代了傳統(tǒng)氏族部落的血緣紐帶,將各部落團(tuán)結(jié)在伊本·沙特的周圍,共同保衛(wèi)內(nèi)志和沙特政權(quán);同時,伊赫萬士兵是沙特軍隊(duì)中的一支勁旅,在伊本·沙特統(tǒng)一國家、兼并各部落的過程中,發(fā)揮了不可忽視的作用。而后期伊赫萬運(yùn)動的過熱勢頭,也使伊本·沙特面臨諸多紛爭和困擾。沙特家族、瓦哈比派、伊赫萬運(yùn)動是伊本·沙特角逐權(quán)力、開疆拓土并最終建立國家的三大支柱。在新生的政權(quán)建立后,伊本·沙特面臨著構(gòu)建國家機(jī)器和繼續(xù)整合部落社會的歷史任務(wù)。在建國初期伊本·沙特采用一系列政治手段來克服血緣傳統(tǒng)和部落結(jié)構(gòu)的影響,鞏固君主制的中央集權(quán)制度。完善以家族統(tǒng)治為核心的中央集權(quán)制度,建立協(xié)商會議制度,打破部落社會的障礙,建立地方行政機(jī)構(gòu)和獨(dú)立的司法體系。極力鎮(zhèn)壓部落保守勢力的反叛,避免了家族統(tǒng)治的中央集權(quán)國家被部落聯(lián)盟所取代。石油工業(yè)的崛起、交通和通訊網(wǎng)的形成,對沙特阿拉伯社會的影響是巨大的,沙特阿拉伯傳統(tǒng)部落社會受到巨大的沖擊。沙特阿拉伯由單一的農(nóng)牧社會結(jié)構(gòu)向多元的現(xiàn)代社會過渡。但是在沙特社會結(jié)構(gòu)中無論來自哪個社會階層,部落和家族的觀念依然有深厚的根基。在社會的各個方面這種部落和家族傳統(tǒng)都有明顯的影響,家族依然是社會結(jié)構(gòu)的中心,決定一個人的社會地位的關(guān)鍵因素仍是他的出生,屬于哪個部落或者家族。部落因素對沙特社會的影響至今依然存在。
[Abstract]:Saudi Arabia, the largest country on the Arabia Peninsula, occupies about 80% of the total area of the peninsula. The climate of Saudi Arabia is hot and dry, there are only some seasonal rivers in China, there are no permanent rivers, and 50% of the land area is covered by the desert. The bad natural environment determines the long-term calendar in the Arabia peninsula. In the development of history, the nomadic life of water and grass has always dominated. Tribes are the main social units in the Arabia peninsula. Tribal traditions are rooted in all aspects of the life of the herdsmen in the Arabia Peninsula in the early twentieth Century of the.19 century. The leader of the Saudi family, Ibn Saud, under the banner of the Islamic teachings of the van ha Bi, passed through more than 20 The tribe conquered the war and annexed most of the Arabia Peninsula, and finally established the kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932 with the Saudi family as the core. The Saudi Arabian country was established and the impact on the Arabia peninsula was great. Since ancient times, the Arabia Peninsula, due to the limitations of natural conditions and production methods, has been established. The Arabia Peninsula has always been lacking in the form of "state organization" or "state power". In the early period of the early kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the Arabia Peninsula, except for a few short historical periods, had hardly appeared or produced any kind of political form of complex structure and functional differentiation. Nomadic on the Arabia peninsula. The "state concept" or "state consciousness" is unfamiliar to the people. The national state, as the main international relations body since modern times, is a universal form of state. The political system of the unity of religion and vulgarity ruled by the Saudi Arabian family has special characteristics in the Middle East and even in the world. How to change the political power of other countries in the Middle East and how the international climate changes, the Saudi Arabia has always maintained the traditional political system of family rule, and realized the transition of the royal power within the Saudi family in a stable political environment. Therefore, the research on the Saudi countries is of practical significance. In the course of the process, tribal factors played a double role. In the process of reunification, Ibn Saudi is breaking the clan tribal organization, cutting out the malpractice of the nomadic society, taking the Islamic doctrines of the wabababi as the banner, and launching the ihwan movement, making great changes in the deep-rooted Arabia Peninsula and the love of the brotherhood of the wabikabi faction. It took the place of the blood ties of the traditional tribe tribes to unite the tribes around Ibn Saudi Arabia to defend the inner and Saudi regimes; at the same time, the ikwan soldiers were a powerful brigade in the Saudi army. In the process of unifying the country and annexing the tribes, the ikh Saudi Arabia played an unnegligible role. The hot momentum also made Ibn Saud face a lot of disputes and puzzles. The Saudi family, the Wahab school and the ekhavan movement were the three pillars of Eben Saudi Arabia. After the establishment of the new political power, Ibn Saudi Arabia faced the historical task of building a national machine and continuing to integrate the tribal society. In the early days, Ibn Saudi Arabia adopted a series of political means to overcome the influence of the blood tradition and the tribal structure, consolidate the centralism system of the monarchy, perfect the centralization system at the core of the family rule, establish a consultative conference system, break the obstacles of the tribal society, establish the local administrative institutions and the independent judicial system. The rebellion of the conservative forces and the replacement of the centralised countries ruled by the family were replaced by the tribal alliance. The rise of the oil industry, the formation of the transport and communication networks, the impact of the Saudi Arabian society on the Saudi society was huge, and the Saudi Arabian traditional tribal society was greatly impacted. The Saudi Arabia was diversified from a single agricultural and pastoral social structure to pluralism. But in the social structure of the Saudi society, no matter which social stratum comes from, the concept of tribes and families still has a deep foundation. In all aspects of the society, the tribes and family traditions have obvious influence, the family is still the center of the social structure, and the key factor to determine the social status of a person is still his. The tribe or clan is born. The influence of tribal factors on Saudi society still exists.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西北大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：K384
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本文編號：2117296