本文選題：俄國(guó) + 城市自治�。� 參考：《廣西師范大學(xué)》2010年碩士論文

【摘要】： 俄國(guó)城市自治有著獨(dú)特的歷史傳統(tǒng),歷史上俄國(guó)歷代沙皇的改革事業(yè)都涉及到城市管理的改革。19世紀(jì)60年代亞歷山大二世的改革開啟了城市自治發(fā)展的新階段,它既是俄國(guó)城市自治傳統(tǒng)的繼續(xù)和發(fā)展,也是俄國(guó)現(xiàn)代化過程中城市行政管理制度的一次重要探索。 這次改革是在廢除農(nóng)奴制和工業(yè)化的大背景下進(jìn)行的。從沙皇政府的角度來看,城市自治改革就是要適應(yīng)工業(yè)化所帶來的行政管理日益復(fù)雜化的要求,把政府沒有精力處理的一部分事務(wù)交給城市社會(huì)管理。同時(shí),將因改革而遭受利益損失的貴族的注意力引向城市,減少?gòu)U除農(nóng)奴制在俄國(guó)社會(huì)引起的震蕩。而對(duì)于城市自治機(jī)構(gòu)中的自由派活動(dòng)家而言,城市自治是實(shí)現(xiàn)他們立憲民主要求的一個(gè)臺(tái)階。因此,在改革的整個(gè)過程中,始終存在著自由派活動(dòng)家追求社會(huì)原則和沙皇、大貴族維護(hù)國(guó)家原則兩種改革傾向的斗爭(zhēng)。亞歷山大二世時(shí)期,改革取得了一定的成就,但到了亞歷山大三世時(shí)期,出現(xiàn)了對(duì)改革的反動(dòng),改革陷入了困境,社會(huì)也處于沉默。 沙皇政府在城市自治改革中遇到的各種問題,其根源在于俄國(guó)社會(huì)本身的不成熟性。按照西歐國(guó)家的經(jīng)驗(yàn),城市自治是以發(fā)達(dá)的市民社會(huì)為依托,而這種條件直到沙皇俄國(guó)覆滅也不曾具備。因此,也就預(yù)先決定了俄國(guó)城市自治改革的道路必然是曲折的。由于改革是沙皇自上而下進(jìn)行的,不可能按照自由派活動(dòng)家的要求對(duì)社會(huì)進(jìn)行變革,因此改革很不徹底,其存在的矛盾和問題也一直沒有解決。 盡管如此,城市自治改革對(duì)俄國(guó)的社會(huì)生活和政治生活均產(chǎn)生了重大影響。城市社會(huì)管理機(jī)關(guān)所做的基礎(chǔ)性工作對(duì)俄國(guó)城市建設(shè)、社會(huì)福利、文化教育的進(jìn)步以及醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生條件的改善有重要意義。此外,改革提高了俄國(guó)公眾參與城市事務(wù)的意識(shí),賦予民眾參與城市管理的權(quán)利,激活了俄國(guó)社會(huì)的政治生活,促使俄國(guó)不斷朝公民社會(huì)發(fā)展。正文分為五個(gè)部分進(jìn)行論述： 第一部分,對(duì)“城市自治”的基本概念進(jìn)行分析,并且介紹了改革中的分權(quán)與集權(quán)原則。本文認(rèn)為,集權(quán)原則是貫穿俄國(guó)城市自治改革始終的基本準(zhǔn)則。 第二部分,對(duì)19世紀(jì)60年代城市自治改革的準(zhǔn)備情況進(jìn)行論述,主要闡述了俄國(guó)歷史上城市自治的傳統(tǒng)以及城市自治改革的內(nèi)在動(dòng)力和改革的準(zhǔn)備情況。本文認(rèn)為,俄國(guó)城市自治改革與其本身的民族文化傳統(tǒng)以及社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展?fàn)顩r之間存在著內(nèi)在的聯(lián)系。 第三部分,系統(tǒng)闡述了19世紀(jì)60年代至1892年反改革的《城市條例》實(shí)施前的情況,通過對(duì)1870年《城市條例》及其實(shí)施結(jié)果的分析,我們可以看到城市社會(huì)管理機(jī)關(guān)享有的自治權(quán)是非常有限的,僅限于經(jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)域；真正參與到城市社會(huì)管理事務(wù)中的人在城市居民中所占比例非常低；由于在社會(huì)管理機(jī)關(guān)中居于領(lǐng)導(dǎo)地位的商人等級(jí)政治積極性不高,因此,這一時(shí)期,城市杜馬的政治活動(dòng)主要體現(xiàn)在一些政治性的聲明上。 第四部分,分析了1892年至1905年的俄國(guó)城市改革情況。這一時(shí)期,由于亞歷山大三世推行反改革的政策,城市自治的權(quán)限進(jìn)一步受到限制,城市社會(huì)管理機(jī)關(guān)成了政府行政機(jī)關(guān)的附屬機(jī)構(gòu),其成員成了國(guó)家行政官員；與此同時(shí),隨著城市資本主義的發(fā)展、地方自治人士思想激進(jìn)化的影響以及革命形勢(shì)的發(fā)展促使城市社會(huì)管理人員政治覺悟不斷提高,強(qiáng)烈要求打破現(xiàn)有管理體制的束縛。共同的斗爭(zhēng)需要,最終在1905年前后催生了一個(gè)統(tǒng)一的資產(chǎn)階級(jí)。從此,俄國(guó)城市社會(huì)管理機(jī)關(guān)的政治斗爭(zhēng)水平上升到一個(gè)新的臺(tái)階。19世紀(jì)末,政府認(rèn)識(shí)到1892年《城市條例》并不完善,因此對(duì)1892年《城市條例》進(jìn)行了部分修訂。 第五部分,對(duì)18621905年俄國(guó)城市自治改革的歷史地位進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)。本文認(rèn)為,俄國(guó)城市自治改革雖然具有一定的局限性,但仍然取得了一系列成就,它是俄國(guó)社會(huì)管理的一次重要嘗試和探索。城市社會(huì)管理機(jī)關(guān)的政治活動(dòng)推動(dòng)了俄國(guó)由封建君主制向君主立憲制的轉(zhuǎn)變。
[Abstract]:The Russian city self - government has a unique historical tradition . The reform of the Czar in the history of Russia has involved the reform of city management . In the 1960s , the reform of Alexander II opened the new stage of the development of urban autonomy , which is both the continuation and development of the Russian city self - government tradition and an important exploration of the city administration management system in the process of the modernization of Russia .



The reform has been carried out in the context of the abolition of agricultural slavery and industrialization . From the perspective of the Czar ' s government , the reform of urban autonomy is to adapt to the increasing complexity of the administrative management brought by industrialization .



According to the experience of Western European countries , the city autonomy is based on the developed civil society , and the condition is not available until the Czar Russia has been destroyed . Therefore , it is inevitable that the reform of the Russian city ' s self - government reform is inevitable . As the reform is carried out by the czar himself , it is impossible to change the society according to the demands of the liberal activist . Therefore , the reform is very incomplete . The contradictions and problems that exist in the reform have not been solved .



Nevertheless , the reform of city autonomy has great influence on Russia ' s social life and political life . The basic work done by the city ' s social administrative organ is of great significance to the improvement of Russia ' s urban construction , social welfare , cultural education and the improvement of health conditions .



In the first part , the basic concept of " city autonomy " is analyzed , and the principle of decentralization and centralization in the reform is introduced .



In the second part , the author discusses the preparation of urban autonomy reform in the 1960s , mainly expounds the tradition of urban autonomy in Russia ' s history as well as the internal power of urban autonomy reform and the preparation of the reform . In this paper , there is an inherent link between the reform of Russian city autonomy and its own national cultural tradition and the social and economic development .



In the third part , the system expounds the pre - implementation of the reform of the urban regulations in the 1960s and 1892 . Through the analysis of the urban regulations of 1870 and the results of its implementation , we can see that the right of autonomy enjoyed by the urban social management organs is very limited , which is limited to the economic sphere ;
The proportion of people who truly participate in urban social management affairs is very low among the urban residents ;
As a result of the low level of political enthusiasm among the leading businessmen in the social administration , the political activities of the city Dumas are mainly reflected in some political statements .



In the fourth part , the reform of the Russian cities between 1892 and 1905 was analyzed . Since Alexander III introduced the anti - reform policy , the authority of the city autonomy was further restricted , and the administrative organ of the city became the subsidiary organ of the government administrative organ , and its members became the national administrative officials ;
At the same time , with the development of the urban capitalism , the influence of the radicalization of local self - government and the development of the revolutionary situation have prompted the political awakening of the urban social management personnel to improve and urge to break the shackles of the existing management system .



In the fifth part , the historical status of Russia ' s urban autonomy reform in 18621905 is evaluated . This paper holds that the Russian urban autonomy reform has some limitations , but still has achieved a series of achievements , it is an important attempt and exploration of the Russian social management . The political activities of the city social management organ have promoted the transformation of Russia from the feudal monarchy to the monarchy .
【學(xué)位授予單位】：廣西師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2010
【分類號(hào)】：K561.4

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