本文選題：伊朗 + 霍梅尼��； 參考：《西北大學》2004年博士論文

【摘要】：在梳理二十世紀文明遺產時，我們不能忽略曾經引起世人注目的前伊朗宗教領袖阿亞圖拉霍梅尼。通過對其“毛拉治國”理論的研究，我們可從三個層面來看這位世紀風云人物。 首先，霍梅尼是一位現(xiàn)代伊斯蘭政治家。針對伊朗現(xiàn)代化進程中出現(xiàn)的政治制度不能適應社會進一步發(fā)展，道德淪喪，腐敗之風盛行，外部勢力假巴列維王朝掠奪伊朗資源等問題，他既強調尊重伊朗的民族文化傳統(tǒng)，但又不畫地為牢，并主張吸取其他文明的先進成果，以補充自己文明發(fā)展之不足�；裘纺嵩诶碚撋咸岢隽艘浴耙了固m法為基礎”建立法制社會的構想，在實踐上又吸取了西方的三權分立原則�；裘纺釋φ毮艿慕缍ū苊饬宋鞣秸伞白杂煞湃巍被颉皣腋深A”而造成的經濟動蕩以及由此引發(fā)的社會動蕩。他的宗教領導人要以身作則，宣傳和動員民眾，最后推翻暴政，建立政權的策略則是由自法國大革命以來的社會運動證明行之有效的。他還提出了“賢哲思想”，“制度育人”，都有一定的科學性。他的“非暴力不合作”斗爭策略，使伊朗伊斯蘭革命告別了自阿富汗尼以來的武裝恐怖，武裝奪取政權策略，成了伊斯蘭主義的分水嶺。 在領導伊朗伊斯蘭革命的實踐中，霍梅尼根據(jù)革命形勢的需要能進能退，，以身作則，既不主張宗教領袖過分干預政府事務，又能在關鍵時刻力挽狂瀾，從而使他在去世后，給伊朗人民留下一個共和國。法制要由道德的輔佐，他通過對伊斯蘭道德的重視，使伊斯蘭共和國變成了“法制為主，輔之以德”的國家政體模式，這為伊斯蘭國家的政治現(xiàn)代化提供了借鑒。 霍梅尼的“毛拉治國”思想經過了在巴列維王朝“君主立憲制”下的由“毛拉”監(jiān)督伊斯蘭法的實施、在伊斯蘭政府中由“毛拉”監(jiān)督伊斯蘭法的實施和“毛拉”直接領導下的三權分立三個階段，這是由伊朗的歷史發(fā)展所決定的�；裘纺岬摹懊螄彼枷朐谝晾室了固m共和國的實踐中也得到了完善和發(fā)展，從而使理論與實踐得以互補。 其次，霍梅尼是一個帶有伊斯蘭色彩的現(xiàn)代民族主義者。 盡管霍梅尼強調伊斯蘭第一，伊朗第二，但在他的《“毛拉治國”》一書中，針對的問題主要是伊朗的問題，論證解決問題所使用的方法和策略都是以伊朗什葉派理論為依 據(jù)的，所以說，他是一個民族主義者。 在全球化面前，在中東問題面前，在美國的霸權主義面前，霍梅尼強調伊斯蘭特性， 這可視為伊斯蘭世界在全球化過程中對區(qū)域合作和伊斯蘭團結的需要，是穩(wěn)定中東的需 要，是抵御霸權主義的需要。我們應該看到，霍梅尼思想之所以能夠在伊斯蘭社會產生 共鳴，那是因為一些伊斯蘭民族在現(xiàn)代化過程中存在著與伊朗類似的情況，但是，他們 的環(huán)境終究與伊朗不同，這就使得伊朗伊斯蘭革命只局限于伊朗，不能傳播到伊朗以外 的地方。所以，霍梅尼主義是伊朗的霍梅尼主義，不是伊斯蘭的霍梅尼主義，說霍梅尼 是帶有伊斯蘭色彩的民族主義者更為合適。 最后，霍梅尼是一位現(xiàn)代伊斯蘭宗教學者。人的兩重性一一物質與精神一一決定人 有兩種需求，物質的和精神的。人的物質需求決定人要處理好自身與自然的關系，人的 精神需求則要求處理好自身與上帝(真主)的關系。宗教所要解決的就是人的精神需求問 題，或者說民族的精神需求問題。人的發(fā)展是隨著生產力的提高，不斷限制私欲，提高 社會化程度的過程。上帝(真主)是大眾意志的集中表現(xiàn)，上帝創(chuàng)造人是指單個人按照大 眾意志發(fā)展自己，去塑造大眾希望中的人。只有單個人服從大眾意志去發(fā)展自己，才能 夠在生產力高速發(fā)展的當今世界處理好人與人的關系，人與自然的關系，乃至國家間的 關系，從而實現(xiàn)人真正的或全面的發(fā)展�；裘纺釋⑵浞Q之為“眾先知的目的是將人的潛 能變成現(xiàn)實，也就是將潛能的人變成現(xiàn)實的人”。所謂“現(xiàn)實的人”是指達到一定精神境 界的人，遵守共同法則的人�；裘纺岱浅娬{“伊斯蘭高于一切”，“伊斯蘭就是一切”， “伊斯蘭旨在人的提高與發(fā)展”，“伊斯蘭是普世的”。這些充分說明他是一位宗教學者。 就霍梅尼政治家、民族主義者和宗教學者三個層面而言，宗教學者的霍梅尼是我們 考察的基本出發(fā)點，民族主義者的霍梅尼認識到了伊朗民族危機之所在，是我們認識他 的重要視角，作為政治家的霍梅尼不但找到了伊朗現(xiàn)代化過程中的病源，而且還開出了 “藥方”，并親自實施了“手術”.只有當我們從這三個層面來認識這位世紀風云人物時， 才會對他做出比較公允的評價。 從整體上來看，霍梅尼的“毛拉治國”思想反映了伊朗現(xiàn)代化過程中對政治現(xiàn)代化 的追求，是民族振興在特定時期樹立民族價值觀的反映，是伊朗在全球化過程中以獨立 法人身份參與其中的本能要求。一個民族的價值觀是團結凝聚國人不可缺少的東西.結 合二十世紀的伊朗憲政史，憲法中日益強調伊斯蘭傳統(tǒng)，表明伊朗文化發(fā)展的本土化方 向�！懊螄崩碚摷耙晾室了固m共和國的實踐有利于當今人們所追求的“可持續(xù)發(fā)展” 這一人類共同目標，也有利于人類交往文明化。
[Abstract]:In combing the cultural heritage of the twentieth Century, we can not ignore the former Iran religious leader ayatura Khomeini. Through his study of the theory of "managing the country by the Mullah", we can see the figure of this century from three levels.
First, Khomeini is a modern Islamic politician. In view of the political system in the process of modernization of Iran, the political system can not adapt to the further development of society, moral decay, the prevailing wind of corruption and the plundering of Iran resources by the external forces of the false Pahlavi Dynasty. He not only emphasizes respect for the national cultural tradition of Iran, but also does not serve as a prisoner. Zhang absorbed the advanced achievements of other civilizations in order to supplement the deficiency of his own civilization. In theory, Khomeini put forward the idea of establishing a legal society based on the "Islamic law", and in practice drew on the western principle of separation of three powers. Khomeini's definition of government function avoided the western government from "laissez faire" or "country". The economic turmoil caused by family intervention and the social unrest caused by it. His religious leaders have to put an example, propagate and mobilize the people by example, and finally overthrow the tyranny, and the strategy for the establishment of power is proved effective by the social movement since the French Revolution. He also has the "Sage thought" and "system educating". A certain scientific nature. His "non violent and non cooperative" struggle strategy made the Islamic revolution of Iran bid farewell to armed terror since Afghanistan, seize power by armed forces and become the watershed of Islamism.
In the practice of leading the Islamic revolution in Iran, Khomeini can be able to retreat in accordance with the needs of the revolutionary situation, by example, not to advocate the excessive intervention of religious leaders in government affairs, and to save the world at a critical moment, so that after his death, he will leave a common country to the people of Iran. The moral importance has made the Islamic Republic a model of "the rule of law with virtue", which provides a reference for the political modernization of the Islamic countries.
Khomeini's thought of "managing the country by the Mullah" was carried out by the "Mullah" under the "constitutional monarchy" of the Pahlavi Dynasty. In the Islamic government, the implementation of the Islamic law and the separation of the three powers under the direct leadership of "Mullah" were divided into three stages, which were determined by the historical development of Iran. Khomeini's thought of "Mullah" has also been perfected and developed in Islamic Republic of Iran, so that theory and practice can be complemented.
Secondly, Khomeini is a modern nationalist with Islamic color.
Although Khomeini stressed the first of Islam, Iran second, but in his "the" "the country of Mullah" a book, the problem is mainly Iran, the methods and strategies used to prove the solution to the problem are based on the Iran Shiite theory as the basis.
According to it, he is a nationalist.
In the face of globalization, in the face of the Middle East problem and in the face of hegemonism in the United States, Khomeini emphasized the characteristics of Islam.
This can be seen as a need for regional cooperation and Islamic unity in the process of globalization in the Islamic world, and a need to stabilize the Middle East.
It is necessary to resist hegemonism. We should see that Khomeini thought can be produced in Islamic society.
Resonance is due to the fact that some Islamic nations are similar to Iran in the process of modernization.
The environment is different from Iran, which makes the Islamic revolution in Iran only limited to Iran, and can not be spread beyond Iran.
Therefore, Khomeini doctrine is Iran's Khomeini doctrine, not Islamist Khomeini doctrine, says Khomeini.
It is more suitable for nationalists with Islamic colors.
Finally, Khomeini is a modern Islamic scholar. The duality of human beings is determined by material and spiritual factors.
There are two kinds of needs, material and spiritual. The material needs of man determine that man should deal with the relationship between himself and nature.
Spiritual need requires that we deal with the relationship between ourselves and God.
The development of human beings is to increase the productivity and limit selfish desires.
The process of socialization. God (Allah) is the concentrated expression of the volition of the people.
Volition will develop itself and shape the people in hope. Only a single person will obey the public will to develop himself.
It is enough to deal with the relationship between good people and people, the relationship between man and nature, and even between nations.
In order to achieve real or comprehensive development of human beings, Khomeini called it "the purpose of many prophets" to subdue human beings.
It can be turned into reality, that is, a person who turns potential into reality. "Real person" means a certain mental state.
People in the world abide by the common law. Khomeini emphasized that Islam is above everything else and Islam is everything.
"Islam aims at the improvement and development of human beings" and "Islam is universal", which fully shows that he is a religious scholar.
As for Khomeini politicians, nationalists and religious scholars, Khomeini is the religious scholar's three level.
The basic starting point of the survey is that Khomeini, a nationalist, recognized the national crisis in Iran.
As an important politician, Khomeini not only found the source of disease in the process of modernization in Iran, but also opened up.
"Prescription" and personally implemented the "surgery". Only when we come to understand this century's figure from these three levels,
He will make a fair assessment of him.
On the whole, Khomeini's thought of "Mullah" is a reflection of political modernization in the process of modernization in Iran.
The pursuit is the reflection of national rejuvenation in the specific period and the independence of Iran in the process of globalization.
The values of a nation are indispensable to unite and unite people.
In addition to the constitutional history of Iran in twentieth Century, the Islamic tradition is increasingly emphasized in the constitution, which indicates the localization of Iran's cultural development.
The theory of "Mullah" and the practice of Islamic Republic of Iran are conducive to the "sustainable development" pursued by people today.
This common goal of mankind is also conducive to the civilization of human interaction.
【學位授予單位】：西北大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2004
【分類號】：K373

【引證文獻】

相關碩士學位論文 前1條

1 徐偉;伊朗對美外交政策探析（1997—2007）[D];外交學院;2007年

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