本文選題：洋務(wù)運動 + 明治政府��； 參考：《曲阜師范大學(xué)》2009年碩士論文

【摘要】： 19世紀(jì)60年代至19世紀(jì)末,在中日兩國攝取西方文明、推進本國近代化的過程中,都曾聘請了大量外籍專家。本文通過對這一歷史現(xiàn)象的全面比較,從一個側(cè)面闡釋了中日近代不同命運的原因,并從中總結(jié)出了幾點經(jīng)驗教訓(xùn)和歷史啟示。 通過對中日聘用外籍專家的起點與過程的比較,可以發(fā)現(xiàn)存在諸多不同點。(1)起始點有所不同:由于中國在聘用洋員的過程中發(fā)生了洋務(wù)派與頑固派的激烈爭論和沖突,故起步晚,且進展遲緩;而日本則沒有發(fā)生類似的爭論和沖突,故起步早、步伐快;且聘用的目的也存在著維持封建統(tǒng)治(中國)與發(fā)展資本主義(日本)之別。(2)聘用人數(shù):日本遠多于中國;且作為小國的日本相較于老大的中國而言,其平均密度更高。(3)所聘洋員的職業(yè)分布:在中國以技師為主,且主要集中在軍事工業(yè)和重工業(yè)部門,學(xué)西方停留在“器物”層面;而日本則廣泛分布于行政、軍事、經(jīng)濟、司法、教育等各領(lǐng)域及私人資本企業(yè)中。(4)聘用的主體:在中國承擔(dān)聘用洋員任務(wù)的主體是洋務(wù)派,在日本則是明治政府,二者在權(quán)威性及領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者的素質(zhì)等方面也存在差異。 中日兩國在對洋員的選聘條件及使用管理上也存在差異。(1)洋務(wù)派在與洋員簽訂的合同中,對其權(quán)限的規(guī)定較為寬泛,且含糊不清;日本則明確具體,并實行政府批準(zhǔn)制度。(2)聘用待遇雖然兩國都很豐厚,但在中國無歸劃、不統(tǒng)一;而日本則由統(tǒng)一的計劃。(3)在使用管理上,無論在限制洋員傳播西方倫理,還是在嚴(yán)格履行合約方面,也存在著監(jiān)督不力與嚴(yán)格控制之別。 外籍專家在中日兩國近代化過程中所起的作用及影響也存在差異。洋務(wù)派在技術(shù)引進、創(chuàng)辦企業(yè)過程中,存在著迷信洋員、過分依賴洋員的現(xiàn)象,且在對本國新式人才的培養(yǎng)方面收效甚微;而日本則經(jīng)過了一個由初期的依賴到注重培養(yǎng)本國人才,以并逐步實現(xiàn)了人才自給和技術(shù)自立的發(fā)展過程。 通過上述比較,給我們提供的經(jīng)驗教訓(xùn)和歷史啟示是:在人才引進和使用過程中,要堅持獨立自主的原則;必須建立科學(xué)完善的合同管理制度;要注重培養(yǎng)本國的科技隊伍,等等。
[Abstract]:From the 1860s to the end of the 19th century, both China and Japan engaged a large number of foreign experts in the process of absorbing Western civilization and promoting the modernization of their own countries. Through a comprehensive comparison of this historical phenomenon, this paper explains the causes of different fates between China and Japan in modern times from one side, and sums up some experiences and lessons and historical revelations from them. By comparing the starting point and the process of employing foreign experts between China and Japan, we can find that there are many differences. (1) the starting point is different: because of the fierce controversy and conflict between Westernists and die-hards in the process of employing foreigners in China, Therefore, the start is late and the progress is slow, while Japan does not have similar disputes and conflicts, so it starts early and steps quickly. There is also a difference between maintaining feudal rule (China) and developing capitalism (Japan). (2) Japan employs far more people than China; and Japan, as a small country, is compared to China as the eldest. The average density is higher. (3) the occupation distribution of the foreign personnel employed in China is dominated by technicians and mainly concentrated in the military industry and heavy industry sectors, while Japan is widely distributed in the administrative, military, and economic sectors. Judicial, educational and other fields and private capital enterprises. (4) the main body of employment: in China, the main task of employing foreign personnel is Western-style, in Japan is the Meiji government, there are differences in authority and leadership quality between the two. There are also differences between China and Japan in terms of appointment and management of the use of foreign officers. (1) in the contracts signed with foreign staff, the Westernization Service has broad and ambiguous terms of reference; Japan is clear and specific. And implement the government approval system. (2) although the two countries are very rich in terms of employment, they are not classified and unified in China, while Japan is under a unified plan. (3) in terms of use and management, no matter in restricting the dissemination of Western ethics by foreign personnel, Or in the strict implementation of the contract, there is also a lack of supervision and strict control of the difference. There are also differences in the role and influence of foreign experts in the process of modernization between China and Japan. In the process of introducing technology and setting up enterprises, Westernization school has superstitious foreign personnel, relying too much on foreign personnel, and has little effect on the cultivation of new talents in our country. Japan, on the other hand, has gone through a process from the initial stage of dependence to the training of its own talents, and the gradual realization of self-sufficiency of talents and technological independence. Through the above comparison, the experience, lessons and historical enlightenment provided to us are: in the process of introducing and using talents, we must adhere to the principle of independence, we must establish a scientific and perfect contract management system, and we should pay attention to the training of our own scientific and technological team. Wait
【學(xué)位授予單位】：曲阜師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2009
【分類號】：K252;K313

【引證文獻】

相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前1條

1 文濤;近代中日技術(shù)引進與發(fā)展比較研究[D];陜西師范大學(xué);2011年

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本文編號：2083071