本文選題：地緣政治 + 查謨和克什米爾��； 參考：《北京大學(xué)》2008年博士論文

【摘要】： 克什米爾位居全球地緣政治戰(zhàn)略要沖。克什米爾沖突是印巴矛盾的核心所在,對(duì)南亞和世界的局勢(shì)具有重大影響,也關(guān)系到我國(guó)西部邊疆的安定。本文通過(guò)考查克什米爾問題的來(lái)龍去脈,在掌握大量權(quán)威而可靠的中英文資料的前提下,在剖析前人研究之得失的基礎(chǔ)上,認(rèn)為地緣政治張力對(duì)其產(chǎn)生演變起了至關(guān)重要的作用,把微觀、中觀和宏觀的地緣政治分析模式有機(jī)地結(jié)合起來(lái)展開論述。 由于克什米爾獨(dú)特的地理位置和地形地貌,在19世紀(jì)南亞北部錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜的國(guó)際關(guān)系背景下,英國(guó)沒能把它并入英屬印度,而是支持古拉伯·辛格建立了查謨和克什米爾土邦。由此該土邦形成了少數(shù)印度教徒統(tǒng)治多數(shù)穆斯林的政治版圖,使20世紀(jì)上半期克什米爾穆斯林領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的民族主義運(yùn)動(dòng)與印度的民族主義運(yùn)動(dòng)合拍共進(jìn),卻與它的穆斯林建國(guó)運(yùn)動(dòng)背道而馳;在印巴分治的過(guò)程中,印度土邦的歸屬處于無(wú)法可依的狀態(tài),國(guó)大黨/印度和穆盟/巴基斯坦主要出于地緣戰(zhàn)略考慮都預(yù)先把克什米爾納入本國(guó)領(lǐng)土。這兩對(duì)矛盾綜合作用導(dǎo)致了克什米爾問題產(chǎn)生。從遠(yuǎn)大背景來(lái)看,地緣政治是克什米爾問題產(chǎn)生的歷史原因。 在印巴分治前后,克什米爾問題并不是一個(gè)孤立的現(xiàn)象,與克什米爾有著相同性質(zhì)的海德拉巴和朱納加德兩個(gè)土邦的歸屬也成為問題。唯獨(dú)克什米爾的歸屬不能及時(shí)得到解決,最重要的原因在于它的地理狀況和民族構(gòu)成,以及印巴兩國(guó)力量對(duì)比的制約。軍事手段沒能及時(shí)解決克什米爾的歸屬問題,為了避免印巴全面戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng),印度政府在1947年12月31日把克什米爾問題提交聯(lián)合國(guó)裁決,使它滑入全球政治斗爭(zhēng)格局之中,從此隨著世界政治形勢(shì)的變化而脈動(dòng)。從現(xiàn)實(shí)因素考查,地緣政治是克什米爾問題產(chǎn)生和不能及時(shí)得到解決的主要原因。 克什米爾問題提交聯(lián)合國(guó)之后,由于印巴兩國(guó)都不愿在該問題上作實(shí)質(zhì)性的讓步,聯(lián)合國(guó)調(diào)解用和平方式來(lái)解決它以失敗告終。起初,世界主要大國(guó)都不愿介入克什米爾問題,但隨著亞洲地緣政治形勢(shì)的變化,它們都主動(dòng)或被動(dòng)地卷入其中。美國(guó)企圖在南亞建立遏制社會(huì)主義蘇聯(lián)和中國(guó)的戰(zhàn)線,由于印度堅(jiān)持“不結(jié)盟”的外交政策,它只好退而求其次,先后采取支持克什米爾獨(dú)立和與巴基斯坦締結(jié)軍事同盟的政策。這迫使印度加強(qiáng)與中國(guó)和蘇聯(lián)發(fā)展友好關(guān)系,使全球冷戰(zhàn)延伸到南亞地區(qū)。美巴軍事同盟在地緣政治利益的取向上迥異,因此在1962年中印戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)和1965年第二次克什米爾戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的沖擊下土崩瓦解�？耸裁谞栕鳛橐粋�(gè)微觀的地緣政治場(chǎng),它受制于中觀的南亞地緣政治場(chǎng)與宏觀的亞洲和全球地緣政治場(chǎng),隨著更大地緣政治場(chǎng)形勢(shì)的變化而變化。 1971年孟加拉戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)是第二次克什米爾戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的延續(xù)。孟加拉戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)是印巴兩國(guó)在政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)和軍事上的較量,以巴基斯坦慘遭失敗和肢解來(lái)收?qǐng)?由此而根本性地改變了南亞的地緣政治形勢(shì)。孟加拉戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的結(jié)果對(duì)克什米爾問題的直接影響是1972年《西姆拉協(xié)議》和1974年《克什米爾協(xié)定》的簽訂,也就是說(shuō)這兩個(gè)法律文件是孟加拉戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)結(jié)果的法律表現(xiàn)。因此,三者一道成為克什米爾問題發(fā)展史上的分水嶺,標(biāo)志它在此后進(jìn)入一個(gè)新的發(fā)展階段。 簡(jiǎn)而言之,通過(guò)對(duì)克什米爾的歷史(即1947年之前)、克什米爾沖突的產(chǎn)生(1947年)和克什米爾沖突的過(guò)程(1947-1974年)進(jìn)行考查可以發(fā)現(xiàn),地緣政治對(duì)克什米爾問題的產(chǎn)生和發(fā)展起了至關(guān)重要的作用。
[Abstract]:Kashmir is the key point of the global geopolitical strategy. The Kashmir conflict is the core of the India Pakistan contradiction. It has a great influence on the situation in South Asia and the world and the stability of the western frontier in China. This article is based on the examination of the origin of the Kashmir problem and the premise of mastering a large quantity of authoritative and reliable Chinese and English information. Based on the analysis of the pros and cons of previous studies on the evolution of geopolitical tension that have played a crucial role, put on the micro, meso and macro geopolitical pattern of organic analysis is discussed.
Owing to the unique geographical location and topography of Kashmir, under the complex international relations of northern South Asia in nineteenth Century, the British failed to incorporate it into British India, but supported Golab Singh to establish the state of David and Kashmir, thus forming a political map of the majority of Muslims ruled by India. The nationalist movement, led by Kashmir Muslims in the first half of the twentieth Century and the nationalist movement in India, ran counter to its Muslim national movement. In the process of India and Pakistan, the ownership of India is in a state of inability to depend on. The National Congress Party / India and moau / Pakistan are mainly based on the geo strategic test. Consider all advance the Kashmir into its territory. On the two contradictions resulted in the Kashmir issue. From the broad background, geopolitics is the historical reason for emergence of Kashmir issue.
The Kashmir issue is not an isolated phenomenon before and after the division of India and Pakistan. The two native states of Hyderabad and Giulia Najar De, which have the same nature as Kashmir, have become a problem. Only Kashmir is not settled in time. The most important reason is its geographical condition and national composition, and India and Pakistan. In order to avoid the comprehensive war of India and Pakistan, the government of India submitted the Kashmir issue in December 31, 1947 to the United Nations decision in order to slip into the global political struggle, and then fluctuate with the changes in the political situation in the world. Geopolitics is the main reason why Kashmir problem can not be solved in time.
After the submission of the Kashmir issue to the United Nations, since both India and Pakistan are reluctant to make substantial concessions on this issue, the United Nations mediation has failed to resolve it in a peaceful way. At first, the major powers of the world were unwilling to intervene in the Kashmir issue, but they were actively or passively involved in the change of the geopolitical situation in Asia. Among them, the United States attempted to set up a war line to contain the socialist Soviet Union and China in South Asia. Because of India's adherence to the foreign policy of "non alignment", it had to retreat and pursue the policy of supporting Kashmir independence and the establishment of a military alliance with Pakistan. This forced India to strengthen its friendly relations with China and the Soviet Union, so that it could make it possible for all of them to develop friendly relations with the Soviet Union and the Soviet Union. The cold war extended to the region of South Asia. The MBA military alliance was different in geopolitical interests, so it collapsed under the impact of the Sino Indian War in 1962 and the second Kashmir war in 1965. As a microcosmic geopolitical field, Kashmir was subject to the meso South Asian Geopolitical field and the macro Asia and the world. Geopolitical field changes with the change of geopolitical situation.
The Bangladesh war was the continuation of the second Kashmir war in 1971. The Bangladesh war was a political, economic and military contest between India and Pakistan, which ended with the defeat and dismemberment of Pakistan, which fundamentally changed the geopolitical situation in South Asia. The direct impact of the Bangladesh war on Kashmir was 19. The signing of the 72 years of the Simla agreement and the Kashmir agreement in 1974 means that the two legal documents are the legal manifestations of the results of the Bangladesh war. Therefore, the three have become a watershed in the history of Kashmir, marking its entry into a new stage of development.
In short, the history of Kashmir (ie before 1947), produced the Kashmir conflict (1947) and the Kashmir conflict process (1947-1974 years) were examined to be found, played a crucial role in the emergence and development of Kashmir geopolitics.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：北京大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2008
【分類號(hào)】：K153

【引證文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)博士學(xué)位論文 前1條

1 熊文;新地緣政治經(jīng)濟(jì)框架的建模與模擬[D];華東師范大學(xué);2011年

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本文編號(hào)：2047109