本文選題：美國 + 尼克松政府　； 參考：《南京大學》2012年碩士論文

【摘要】：20世紀60年末70年代初,世界格局發(fā)生了新的變化。美國面臨越戰(zhàn)、蘇聯(lián)軍事力量上升和西方盟國經(jīng)濟增強的壓力,尼克松掌權的白宮開始調(diào)整其國家戰(zhàn)略,推行東西方的緩和。與此相呼應,處在冷戰(zhàn)前沿的聯(lián)邦德國由勃蘭特領導的社會民主黨與自由民主黨組成聯(lián)合政府,積極推行“新東方政策”�！靶聳|方政策”與阿登納政府以及基辛格政府時期所執(zhí)行的“哈爾斯坦主義”有著極大不同。這一政策意在促使聯(lián)邦德國同蘇聯(lián)、波蘭以及民主德國進行談判,改善其與東方的關系,最終走向德國的統(tǒng)一。聯(lián)邦德國政策的轉(zhuǎn)向在兩大陣營對抗背景下引起了極大的關注,美國對這一政策也抱有復雜的態(tài)度。本文旨在從美國緩和戰(zhàn)略的角度,重點利用美國已公開的外交文件來考察美國對德“新東方政策”的態(tài)度變化、特點以及影響因素。 本文的緒論部分主要介紹本文的選題緣起、美國緩和戰(zhàn)略與“新東方政策”關系的國內(nèi)外研究的現(xiàn)狀,并對本文的思路和創(chuàng)新點進行說明。 本文的第一章論述美國的緩和戰(zhàn)略,包括美國緩和戰(zhàn)略形成的國際背景、美國緩和戰(zhàn)略的思想來源和具體內(nèi)容、以及美國緩和戰(zhàn)略與歐洲的關系。美國的緩和戰(zhàn)略包括談判、掛鉤等具體策略,這些是理解美國對“新東方政策”態(tài)度變化的重要因素。美國的緩和戰(zhàn)略與歐洲的關系體現(xiàn)在美國希望緩和中的歐洲能夠增加自身的獨立性,在美國的領導下承擔更多的責任,從而達到西歐的防御、緩和與聯(lián)盟內(nèi)部的團結(jié)。這些因素為“新東方政策”的實施提供了空間。 第二章對聯(lián)邦德國“新東方政策”進行介紹,包括“新東方政策”形成的國內(nèi)背景和國際背景、新東方政策從醞釀到實施的過程、新東方政策與美國的關系等。國內(nèi)背景方面包括德國自身力量的加強以及民眾意識的覺醒；國際背景方面主要包括美蘇關系的變動、東西方陣營內(nèi)部的力量變化以及民主德國的發(fā)展。“新東方政策”的產(chǎn)生及實行則從勃蘭特任柏林市長時期論述到其任總理時期。新東方政策與美國的關系主要是結(jié)合“新東方政策”的特點來進行闡述,“新東方政策”一直維護與西方的聯(lián)盟的關系,這保證了美國對該政策的最后支持。 第三章論述美國對新東方政策的態(tài)度變化,這是本文的重點部分。本章的論述從三個方面來進行,包括美國的基本疑慮和應對策略的變化,美國關于新東方政策具體步驟的態(tài)度變化,美國對待柏林談判的態(tài)度變化。這部分的論述以時間的先后為軸,通過美國公開的外交文件作為資料對美國的態(tài)度變化進行梳理。 第四章分析美國對新東方政策態(tài)度變化的特點及影響因素。美國態(tài)度變化的特點包括,美國是從其東西方冷戰(zhàn)“緩和”的大戰(zhàn)略來看待聯(lián)邦德國“新東方政策”的醞釀和發(fā)展的；美國對其態(tài)度經(jīng)歷了從模糊到清晰的變化過程；在美國對其態(tài)度的變化中,關于四國柏林談判是美國考慮的重要內(nèi)容,它與聯(lián)邦德國推行的“新東方政策”有著密切的聯(lián)系。影響美國態(tài)度變化的根本因素是美國的緩和戰(zhàn)略,它的綜合性、進取性和實用主義色彩規(guī)定了美國態(tài)度的發(fā)展。 本文的結(jié)論是,對于聯(lián)邦德國“新東方政策”的基本認知、新東方政策具體步驟和柏林談判這三個問題,美國的態(tài)度都經(jīng)歷了一個由模糊不定到放心并明確支持“新東方政策”的變化,由最初被動的觀察轉(zhuǎn)向了最后的積極主動介入。美國的態(tài)度變化的根本影響因素是“新東方政策”符合尼克松政府緩和戰(zhàn)略的需要和聯(lián)邦德國維護西方聯(lián)盟的表態(tài)和行為。
[Abstract]:In twentieth Century, at the end of 60 and early 70s, new changes have taken place in the world pattern. The United States faces the Vietnam War, the rise of the Soviet military force and the pressure of the economic enhancement of the Western allies. The White House in power of Nixon began to adjust its national strategy and promote the easing of East and West. The main party and the Liberal Democratic Party formed a joint government to actively pursue the "New Oriental Policy". The "New Oriental Policy" is greatly different from the Adenauer administration and the "hhstan" of the Kissinger administration. This policy is intended to encourage Federal Germany to negotiate with the Soviet Union, Poland and the Democratic Germany to improve it and the East. The relationship between the United States and the German policy has attracted great attention in the context of the two camp confrontation. The United States has a complex attitude towards this policy. This paper aims to examine the state of the "New Oriental Policy" in the United States from the perspective of the US mitigation strategy. Degree changes, characteristics and influencing factors.
The introduction part of this article mainly introduces the origin of the topic, the domestic and foreign research status of the relationship between the American relaxation strategy and the "New Oriental Policy", and explains the ideas and innovation points of this article.
The first chapter of this article discusses the United States' mitigation strategy, including the international background of the formation of American relaxation strategy, the ideological source and specific content of the American relaxation strategy, and the relationship between the American relaxation strategy and Europe. The US mitigation strategy includes specific strategies, such as negotiations and hooks, which are to understand the change in the attitude of the United States to the "New Oriental Policy" An important factor. The relationship between America's mitigation strategy and Europe is reflected in the United States' desire to ease the independence of Europe and to take more responsibility under the leadership of the United States, thus reaching the defence of Western Europe and easing the unity within the alliance. These factors provide space for the implementation of the "New Oriental Policy".
The second chapter introduces the "New Oriental Policy" in the Federal Republic of Germany, including the domestic background and international background of the "New Oriental Policy", the process of the New Oriental Policy from the brewing to the implementation, the relationship between the New Oriental Policy and the United States. The domestic background includes the strengthening of the German own strength and the awakening of the public consciousness; The changes in the relationship between the United States and the Soviet Union, the changes within the East and the West camps and the development of the Democratic Germany were mainly included. The production and implementation of the "New Oriental Policy" was discussed from the period of Brandt's mayor of Berlin to his prime minister. The relationship between the New Oriental Policy and the United States was mainly explained by the characteristics of the "New Oriental Policy". The New Oriental policy has always upholding the alliance with the west, which guarantees the final support of the US policy.
The third chapter discusses the changes in the attitude of the United States to the New Oriental policy, which is the key part of this article. This chapter is carried out in three aspects, including the basic doubts and changes in the coping strategies of the United States, the changes in the attitude of the United States on the specific steps of the New Oriental Policy and the change in the attitude of the United States to the Berlin negotiations. Based on the US's open diplomatic documents, this paper sorts out the changes in American attitudes.
The fourth chapter analyzes the characteristics and influencing factors of the changes in the attitude of the United States to the New Oriental policy. The characteristics of the American attitude change include that the United States looks at the brew and development of the "New Oriental Policy" from the "mild" war of the cold war between the East and the West. In the change of its attitude, the Berlin negotiations on the four countries are an important part of the United States' consideration. It has a close connection with the "New Oriental Policy" carried out by the Federal Republic of Germany. The fundamental factor affecting the change of the American attitude is the United States' mitigation strategy. Its comprehensive, enterprising and pragmatist color stipulates the development of the American attitude.
The conclusion of this paper is that, for the basic cognition of the "New Oriental Policy", the concrete steps of the New Oriental Policy and the three issues of Berlin negotiations, the attitude of the United States has gone through a change from vague to reassuring and clearly supported by the "New Oriental Policy", from the first moved observation to the last active intervention. The fundamental influence factor of the state's attitude change is that the "New Oriental Policy" conforms to the needs of the Nixon administration's mitigation strategy and the form and behavior of the Federal Germany to maintain the Western alliance.
【學位授予單位】：南京大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：K153

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