本文選題：美國經(jīng)濟外交 + 第三世界��； 參考：《陜西師范大學(xué)》2008年博士論文

【摘要】：美國是個慣于并善于使用經(jīng)濟外交實現(xiàn)戰(zhàn)略目標的國家,經(jīng)濟外交對美國歷史的發(fā)展演變產(chǎn)生了深刻影響。對第三世界國家經(jīng)濟外交是冷戰(zhàn)時期美國遏制戰(zhàn)略的重要組成部分,目前國內(nèi)學(xué)術(shù)界對這一問題卻沒有給予足夠的重視。有鑒于此,本文選取冷戰(zhàn)時期美國對第三世界國家經(jīng)濟外交(1947-1969)作為研究對象,以圖彌補相關(guān)研究的不足。論文由緒論、正文(共6章22節(jié))和結(jié)語構(gòu)成,約20萬字。 緒論部分首先論述了本課題研究的目的與意義,然后對國內(nèi)外研究概況進行了分析,認為從歷史和理論兩方面來看,冷戰(zhàn)時期美國對第三世界國家經(jīng)濟外交在國內(nèi)都是一個尚待深入研究的課題。該課題具有很大的學(xué)術(shù)價值和現(xiàn)實意義。對于采用的研究方法、論文的框架結(jié)構(gòu)、尤其是涉及的核心概念(如第三世界、經(jīng)濟外交等),作者也進行了較為細致的分析和探討。 第一章對美國經(jīng)濟外交的歷史起源進行了歸納分析,認為大致可以劃分為5個歷史階段,即商業(yè)外交時期、門戶開放外交(金元外交)時期、賠款外交時期、中立主義時期經(jīng)濟外交、租借外交時期等,并分別就它們產(chǎn)生的歷史背景、主要表現(xiàn)形式及歷史影響進行了分析。認為用歷史的眼光看,冷戰(zhàn)時期美國經(jīng)濟外交同樣可看作是其冷戰(zhàn)之前經(jīng)濟外交某種程度的延續(xù),對之進行歷史考察可使我們在更大的歷史視野中認識冷戰(zhàn)前期美國對第三世界國家經(jīng)濟外交。 第二章從美國遏制戰(zhàn)略角度分析了美國對第三世界國家經(jīng)濟外交的緣起,認為以“援助希臘、土耳其法案”(杜魯門主義)出臺為標志,美國開始把第三世界國家國內(nèi)局勢的發(fā)展與美國冷戰(zhàn)利益緊密聯(lián)系起來,而經(jīng)濟外交是美國干預(yù)的主要手段之一。杜魯門主義向遠東地區(qū)擴展的結(jié)果,產(chǎn)生了1948年援華法案和“援蔣反共”政策,但該政策最終以徹底失敗而告終。另外,與杜魯門主義有直接關(guān)系的美國盟國復(fù)興計劃,如馬歇爾計劃、“亞洲馬歇爾計劃”,促使美國在這個時期對東南亞實施了以獲取自然資源和銷售市場為目標的特殊經(jīng)濟外交方式。 第三章主要圍繞第四點計劃分析了美國向第三世界國家提供技術(shù)援助的思想根源和歷史根源,認為遏制所謂“共產(chǎn)主義的擴張”是首要的思想根源,戰(zhàn)后第一次經(jīng)濟危機以及30年代經(jīng)濟大蕭條的教訓(xùn),也使得美國迫切希望擴大第三世界國家的市場;從歷史根源看,第四點計劃是美國對拉美國家援助要求所做出的的反應(yīng)。同時依據(jù)美國外交解密檔案對第四點計劃的內(nèi)容、實施重點、具體執(zhí)行時的地區(qū)差異及原因進行了分析;而伴隨著執(zhí)行機構(gòu)的變化,第四點計劃經(jīng)歷了一個被美國政府重視程度不斷降低,直至最后被取消的歷史命運。 第四章首先分析了“共同安全法”時期美國對第三世界國家經(jīng)濟外交的歷史背景,認為朝鮮戰(zhàn)爭的爆發(fā)、第三世界的初步崛起,以及蘇聯(lián)在第三世界國家經(jīng)濟外交的開展,使得艾森豪威爾政府“新面貌”戰(zhàn)略認為第三世界已成為美蘇爭奪的主要對象,美國外援方向也逐漸從歐洲轉(zhuǎn)向第三世界國家;而側(cè)重于軍事安全的防務(wù)援助是美國經(jīng)濟外交的主要方式。另外,該章從宏觀角度把這個時期美國對第三世界國家經(jīng)濟外交劃分為兩個階段,并就其各自特點進行了綜合分析。對于艾森豪威爾政府對不同類型的第三世界國家或地區(qū)經(jīng)濟外交,如亞洲“反共盟國”、“中立主義國家”以及“戰(zhàn)略原料生產(chǎn)地區(qū)”(以蘇伊士運河危機為例),本章也分別就實施背景、實施過程及影響等進行了探討。 第五章從肯尼迪政府“和平戰(zhàn)略”入手,認為主要由于60年代第三世界的正式崛起,使得肯尼迪試圖作出改變以更好地實現(xiàn)美國遏制戰(zhàn)略目標�！傲_斯托主義”的出現(xiàn)標志著肯尼迪—約翰遜政府對第三世界經(jīng)濟外交思想的最終確立,如把發(fā)展(開發(fā)援助)作為主要手段,以及除了當(dāng)前的反共目標外,更長遠目標是誘使第三世界以美國模式作為發(fā)展方向。以“1961年外援法案”為制度基礎(chǔ),爭取進步聯(lián)盟是肯尼迪政府對第三世界經(jīng)濟外交最典型、最重要案例之一,對于導(dǎo)致其出現(xiàn)的深層次原因、無法克服的困境等問題,以及約翰遜政府外援政策的特點及影響,本章也進行了探討。 第六章首先簡要論述了美國糧食外交的歷史起源、現(xiàn)實及制度基礎(chǔ),認為糧食外交作為美國經(jīng)濟援助外交的一種補充形式,是冷戰(zhàn)時期美國對第三世界國家外交政策的重要組成部分。同時基于美國解密外交檔案,具體分析了“糧食用于和平計劃”、“通過發(fā)展實現(xiàn)的糧食用于和平計劃”、“糧食用于自由計劃”的實施情況及特點。 論文的結(jié)論是:就現(xiàn)實動因而言,歸根到底,冷戰(zhàn)的邏輯促使美國實施了對第三世界國家的經(jīng)濟外交,由此也決定了冷戰(zhàn)向全球擴展的必然性;經(jīng)濟外交是美國實現(xiàn)冷戰(zhàn)遏制戰(zhàn)略的工具之一;就美國各類援助撥款用途而言,它實際上變成了美國經(jīng)濟不可缺少的一筆津貼;就對第三世界國家發(fā)展而言,美國經(jīng)濟外交成了影響進程的重要外部因素;冷戰(zhàn)時期美國對第三世界國家實行的經(jīng)濟外交,究其本質(zhì)是一種新殖民主義。
[Abstract]:The United States is a country accustomed to and is good at using economic diplomacy to achieve strategic goals. Economic diplomacy has a profound influence on the development and evolution of American history. The economic diplomacy of the third world countries is an important part of the American strategy of containment during the cold war. At present, the domestic academic circles have not given enough attention to this issue. In this paper, the article selects the third world economic diplomacy (1947-1969) as the research object in the cold war period, in order to make up for the insufficiency of the related research. The thesis is made up of the introduction, the body (6 chapters and 22 sections) and the conclusion, about 20 million words.
The introduction part first discusses the purpose and significance of the research, and then analyzes the research situation at home and abroad. From two aspects of history and theory, it is considered that the American economic diplomacy of the third world in the cold war is a subject to be studied deeply at home. This subject has great academic value and practical significance. The author also makes a more detailed analysis and Discussion on the research methods adopted and the framework of the paper, especially the core concepts involved (such as the third world, economic diplomacy, etc.).
The first chapter makes an induction and analysis of the historical origin of American economic diplomacy, and thinks that it can be divided into 5 historical stages, namely, the period of commercial diplomacy, the period of Open diplomacy (gold and Yuan diplomacy), the period of indemnity diplomacy, the economic diplomacy of neutralism, the lease of diplomatic time and so on, and the historical background and main manifestations of them respectively. In the view of history, American economic diplomacy during the cold war can also be regarded as a continuation of its economic diplomacy before the cold war. The historical review of the American economic diplomacy can make us understand the economic diplomacy of the third world countries in the early cold war.
The second chapter analyzes the origin of American economic diplomacy to the third world countries from the angle of American containment strategy, and thinks that "aid Greece, Turkey act" (Truman doctrine) is the mark. The United States begins to link the development of the domestic situation in the third world to the cold war interests of the United States, and the economic diplomacy is the intervention of the United States. One of the main means. The result of the expansion of Truman's doctrine to the Far East resulted in the 1948 policy of aid to China and the "anti Communist Party to the Chiang Kai Shek" policy, but the policy eventually ended with a complete failure. In addition, the United States alliance rejuvenation plan, which was directly related to Truman's doctrine, such as the Marshall plan and the "Asia Marshall plan", prompted the United States to be in this During the period, special economic diplomacy was carried out for Southeast Asia in order to obtain natural resources and sell the market.
The third chapter, focusing on the fourth point plan, analyzes the ideological roots and historical roots of the United States providing technical assistance to the third world countries, and holds that the containment of the so-called "expansion of communism" is the primary ideological root. The first economic crisis and the lessons of the Great Depression of the 30s have made the United States eager to expand the third world. According to the historical roots, the fourth point plan is the response of the United States to the Latin American national assistance request. At the same time, according to the content of the fourth point plan of the US diplomatic decryption archives, the regional differences and the reasons for the specific implementation are analyzed; and with the changes of the executive agencies, the fourth points are planned. A historical fate that has been continuously lowered by the US government until finally cancelled.
The fourth chapter first analyzes the historical background of the United States to the economic diplomacy of the third world countries in the period of the "common security law", and considers the outbreak of the Korean War, the initial rise of the third world, and the development of the Soviet Union in the third world economic diplomacy, making the "new look" strategy of the Eisenhower government that the third world has become the United States and the Soviet Union. The main object of the contention is that the direction of American foreign aid has gradually shifted from Europe to the third world countries, while the defense assistance which focuses on military security is the main way of American economic diplomacy. In addition, the chapter divides the United States into two stages of the third world economic diplomacy in this period from a macro perspective, and makes a comprehensive analysis of its respective characteristics. This chapter also discusses the implementation background, implementation process and influence of the Eisenhower administration on the economic diplomacy of different types of third world countries or regions, such as "anti communist allies" in Asia, "neutral countries" and "strategic raw material production areas" (with the Suez canal crisis as an example).
The fifth chapter, starting with the "peace strategy" of the Kennedy administration, thinks that the main reason for the formal rise of the third world in 60s makes Kennedy try to make a change in order to better achieve the goal of the American containment strategy. The emergence of "rostodon" symbolizes the final establishment of the Kennedy Johnson administration's diplomatic thought of the third world economy. For example, as the main means of development (development assistance) and in addition to the current anti Communist objectives, the longer and far target is to induce the third world to take the American model as the direction of development. The "1961 foreign aid act" as the institutional basis for the advancement of the alliance is one of the most typical and most important cases of the Kennedy administration on the third world economic diplomacy. This chapter also discusses the problems of deep-seated reasons and insurmountable difficulties, as well as the characteristics and influences of Johnson administration's foreign aid policy.
The sixth chapter first briefly expounds the historical origin, reality and institutional basis of the American grain diplomacy, and considers that grain diplomacy is a complementary form of American economic aid diplomacy, and is an important part of the foreign policy of the United States in the cold war period to the third world countries. The implementation and characteristics of the "peace plan", "food for peace plan through development and realization" and "food for free project".
The conclusion of the paper is: in the final analysis, in the final analysis, the logic of the cold war prompted the United States to carry out economic diplomacy to the third world countries, and thus determined the inevitability of the cold war's expansion to the world; economic diplomacy is one of the tools for the United States to realize the cold war containment strategy. The American economy is an indispensable allowance; as far as the development of the third world countries is concerned, American economic diplomacy has become an important external factor affecting the process; the economic diplomacy of the United States to the third world countries during the cold war is the essence of a new colonialism.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：陜西師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2008
【分類號】：K712.54

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本文編號：2002552