本文選題：英國(guó) + 撒切爾政府��； 參考：《山東師范大學(xué)》2012年碩士論文

【摘要】：隨著日益嚴(yán)重的老齡社會(huì)的到來(lái)，從中衍生出來(lái)的諸多社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)問(wèn)題是現(xiàn)今各國(guó)政府共同面對(duì)的嚴(yán)峻挑戰(zhàn)，尤其是關(guān)于老年人的住房問(wèn)題，，更成為影響社會(huì)穩(wěn)定的一個(gè)重要的因素。1979年英國(guó)撒切爾夫人上臺(tái)執(zhí)政是英國(guó)社會(huì)的重大轉(zhuǎn)折，自此開(kāi)始，保守黨連任四屆執(zhí)政黨，為英國(guó)的老年人住房政策上作出了巨大的努力。盡管繼任的以布萊爾為首的新工黨政府開(kāi)辟了“第三條道路”，也在住房政策領(lǐng)域有所調(diào)整，然而卻保留了相當(dāng)大部分的保守黨時(shí)期的住房政策，這不得不讓人深思其中的原因——前期保守黨政府的老年人住房政策確實(shí)在維護(hù)社會(huì)安定，保護(hù)老年人住房權(quán)方面發(fā)揮了重要的基礎(chǔ)性作用。 全文共分六章。緒論介紹了本課題的選題來(lái)源，選題意義和相關(guān)的學(xué)術(shù)史綜述，并對(duì)老年人及相關(guān)的概念進(jìn)行了界定。第一章論述了在20世紀(jì)70年代存在于英國(guó)老年人住房中的問(wèn)題：英國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)住房存量實(shí)際上是不少的，但是很多都不適合老年人居住，所以老年人的有效住房不足；隨著老齡化的日益嚴(yán)重，國(guó)家在老年人服務(wù)的財(cái)政支出上日趨增多，從而影響了經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展，而這又反過(guò)來(lái)制約了住房市場(chǎng)的平衡，使老年人住房市場(chǎng)愈發(fā)的萎靡；此外，老年人的住宅一般都比較舊，而且隨著城市規(guī)劃的不斷更新，很多老年住房的環(huán)境顯露出臟、亂、差等；再加上現(xiàn)有的老年住房政策沒(méi)有根據(jù)社會(huì)的發(fā)展及時(shí)的更新改革，所以政策自身存在著不完善。第二章具體分析了英國(guó)撒切爾政府和梅杰政府時(shí)期的老年人住房政策的具體形成過(guò)程，全程圍繞著“私有化”這一主題開(kāi)展，分為三個(gè)階段，首先是1979年至1986年，此階段是保守黨政府大力削減政府對(duì)老年住房的財(cái)政支出階段，是“私有化”的初步開(kāi)始階段，重點(diǎn)還是國(guó)內(nèi)經(jīng)濟(jì)的復(fù)蘇和老年住房市場(chǎng)的恢復(fù)；1986年至1990年，是撒切爾政府改革中的轉(zhuǎn)折階段，是“私有化”改革的全面推行擴(kuò)展和老年住房政策的逐步完善階段，很多轉(zhuǎn)折性的文件和政策法規(guī)被頒布實(shí)施，住房協(xié)會(huì)等組織也在這一時(shí)期有了大躍進(jìn)式的發(fā)展；1990年至1997年以梅杰為首的保守黨政府開(kāi)始執(zhí)政，既保留了大量前保守黨政府的老年住房政策，同時(shí)也有一定的創(chuàng)新，是老年住房政策的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展時(shí)期。第三章對(duì)1979年至1997年時(shí)期老年住房政策的特點(diǎn)及形成這些特點(diǎn)的原因進(jìn)行論述。這一時(shí)期老年住房政策有三個(gè)特點(diǎn)，分別是結(jié)構(gòu)多元化、發(fā)展趨勢(shì)市場(chǎng)化及非官方組織規(guī)模擴(kuò)大化。此時(shí)的多元化是指在老年人住房問(wèn)題解決的過(guò)程中改變了以前純粹由政府負(fù)責(zé)的結(jié)構(gòu)，而是由政府主導(dǎo)、結(jié)合市場(chǎng)發(fā)展內(nèi)部規(guī)律和一些非官方組織發(fā)揮重要作用的多元結(jié)構(gòu)模式；撒切爾政府上臺(tái)后就主張建立市場(chǎng)化的機(jī)制，在這一思想影響之下，政府頒布了一些優(yōu)惠措施出售給老年人住宅，同時(shí)地方政府也轉(zhuǎn)移了大部分住宅給住宅協(xié)會(huì)等民間組織，然后通過(guò)實(shí)施住房補(bǔ)貼的形式幫助老年人購(gòu)買(mǎi)到或是租到符合自己心意的住宅；非官方組織在政府的大力支持之下迅速發(fā)展壯大，并在幫助解決老年住房問(wèn)題上發(fā)揮了重要的作用。形成這些特點(diǎn)的原因有四點(diǎn)：國(guó)際住房權(quán)運(yùn)動(dòng)持續(xù)發(fā)展和高漲、英國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)新右派福利思潮的影響逐漸擴(kuò)大、英國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)政黨政治競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的內(nèi)在需求以及國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)機(jī)制的調(diào)整。第四章對(duì)這一時(shí)期的老年人住房政策進(jìn)行了總體的評(píng)價(jià)，兩屆政府在此期間在老年人住房政策方面取得了巨大的成就，滿(mǎn)足了相當(dāng)一部分老年人的住房需求，老年人的住房環(huán)境也得到了改善。當(dāng)然其中也存在一些問(wèn)題，在改革中推崇市場(chǎng)化，但是市場(chǎng)本身運(yùn)作起來(lái)是不可能兼顧到公平的，沒(méi)有滿(mǎn)足所有老年人的住房需求。撒切爾政府和梅杰政府時(shí)期的老年住房政策對(duì)繼任的布萊爾政府的老年住房政策產(chǎn)生了較為深遠(yuǎn)的影響，布萊爾政府不僅繼續(xù)前政府市場(chǎng)化、多元化的改革，也繼續(xù)鼓勵(lì)非官方組織的發(fā)展，此外布萊爾政府時(shí)期還進(jìn)一步修改完善了養(yǎng)老金法案，同時(shí)注重了公平原則。我國(guó)在解決老年住房問(wèn)題時(shí)，我們要根據(jù)我國(guó)老年人住房的實(shí)際情況，有選擇的借鑒英國(guó)老年住房政策，建立比較完善的住房市場(chǎng)機(jī)制，利用多元化手段保障老年住房的層次性，符合各階層老年人需求，最重要的就是在建立新房時(shí)就提前加入老年人的需求，可以節(jié)約日后維修房屋的資源等。
[Abstract]:With the coming of the increasingly serious aging society, many social and economic problems derived from it are the serious challenges that the governments of all countries are facing today, especially the housing problem of the elderly, which has become an important factor affecting the stability of the society. In.1979, the British society was a major turning point in the British society in.1979. Since then, the four ruling party has been reappointed by the conservative party to make great efforts for the housing policy of the elderly in the UK. Although the successor of the New Labour government, led by Blair, has opened up "third roads" and has also been adjusted in the field of housing policy, it has retained a considerable majority of the housing policies of the Conservative Party period. The old people's housing policy in the early period of the Conservative Party has played an important basic role in maintaining social stability and protecting the housing rights of the elderly.
The full text is divided into six chapters. The introduction introduces the source of the topic, the significance of the topic and the related academic history, and defines the old people and related concepts. The first chapter discusses the problems that exist in the housing of the elderly in the UK in 1970s: the domestic housing inventory in the UK is actually quite a lot, but many are discomforts. The old people live, so the effective housing of the elderly is not enough. With the growing aging, the state is increasing the financial expenditure of the elderly, which has influenced the economic development, which in turn restricts the balance of the housing market and makes the housing market of the elderly becoming more and more depressed; in addition, the housing of the elderly is general. It is all old, and with the continuous renewal of urban planning, the environment of many elderly housing shows dirty, messy, bad, and so on, and the existing old housing policy has not been updated in time according to the social development, so the policy itself is imperfect. The second chapter analyzes the Thatcher government and the Major government period in the UK. The concrete formation process of the housing policy of the elderly is carried out around the theme of "privatization", which is divided into three stages, first of all, from 1979 to 1986. This stage is the stage for the conservative government to vigorously reduce the government's fiscal expenditure on the housing for the elderly, is the beginning stage of "privatization", with the emphasis on the recovery and old economy of the domestic economy. The recovery of the housing market in 1986 was a turning stage in the reform of the Thatcher government. It was the stage of the comprehensive expansion of the "privatization" reform and the gradual improvement of the housing policy for the elderly. Many turning documents and policies and regulations were enacted and the housing association and other organizations had a great leap forward development in this period. The Conservative Party government, headed by Major from 1990 to 1997, began to take power. It not only retained a large number of old housing policies for the former Conservative government, but also had some innovation, which was the further development period of the housing policy for the elderly. The third chapter discussed the characteristics of the housing policy of the elderly from 1979 to 1997 and the reasons for the formation of these characteristics. In this period, the elderly housing policy has three characteristics, namely, the structure diversification, the development trend marketization and the expansion of the unofficial organization. In this time, the diversification refers to the change of the former government responsible structure in the process of housing problems for the elderly, but the government led, combined with the market development of internal laws and the development of the law. Some non official organizations played an important role in the multi structure model; after the Thatcher administration came to power, the government established a market-oriented mechanism. Under the influence of this idea, the government has issued some preferential measures to sell to the elderly housing, while the local government has also transferred most of the residence to the residential associations and other civil organizations, and then through the reality. The form of housing subsidies helps the elderly to buy or rent to their own heart. Unofficial organizations have developed rapidly under the strong support of the government and played an important role in helping to solve the problems of old housing. The reasons for these characteristics are four points: the continuous development and rising of the international housing rights movement. The influence of the new right trend of thought of the new right in the UK is gradually expanding, the internal demand of political party and political competition in the UK and the adjustment of the domestic market mechanism. The fourth chapter makes a general evaluation on the housing policy of the elderly in this period. The two government has made great achievements in the housing policy of the elderly in this period. When a part of the old people's housing demand is needed, the housing environment for the elderly has also been improved. Of course, there are some problems in the reform of the market, but the market itself is not possible to balance the fair and not meet the housing needs of all the elderly. The Thatcher administration and the Major government of the elderly housing period The policy has a far-reaching influence on the old housing policy of the Blair government, which is succeeded by the government. The Blair government not only continues the market of the former government, the diversified reform, but also encourages the development of the unofficial organizations. In addition, the Blair government has further amended the old gold bill and paid attention to the principle of fairness. In order to solve the old housing problem, we should choose the old housing policy of the elderly in accordance with the actual situation of the elderly housing in our country, establish a relatively perfect housing market mechanism, use diversified means to guarantee the hierarchy of the elderly housing, meet the needs of the old people of all classes, and the most important thing is to join in advance in the establishment of new houses. The needs of the elderly can save resources for repairing housing in the future.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：F293.3;K561.5

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