發(fā)布時間：2018-06-06 04:17

  本文選題：英國 + 中亞　； 參考：《廣西師范大學(xué)》2008年碩士論文

【摘要】： 對英國而言,近代中亞無疑是一個巨大的誘惑。中亞毗鄰英屬印度,控制中亞既可鞏固英國在印度的殖民統(tǒng)治,又可擴(kuò)大英國在亞洲的商品市場和投資場所。英國在中亞擴(kuò)張的強(qiáng)大對手是俄國。從克里米亞戰(zhàn)爭結(jié)束到第一次世界大戰(zhàn)爆發(fā),英國和俄國爭奪中亞的“大角逐”從未間斷過。英國的中亞政策很大程度上是針對俄國的政策。英國的中亞政策隨著國內(nèi)外形勢的發(fā)展變化而變化。本文將英國中亞政策的演變分為四個階段: 1856-1874年為第一階段,英國政府實施的是謹(jǐn)慎推進(jìn)的“精明無為”政策�？死锩讈啈�(zhàn)爭后,因為俄國外交重心從西方轉(zhuǎn)向東方,積極向中亞推進(jìn),英國的中亞政策面臨更多阻力和挑戰(zhàn)。1857—1859年印度民族大起義使英國政府心有余悸。盡管英國國內(nèi)有人主張積極的“前進(jìn)”政策,但自由黨政府還是選擇了謹(jǐn)慎的“精明無為”政策。該政策主要體現(xiàn)在三個方面:第一,英印政府與阿富汗簽訂了一系列條約,加強(qiáng)了對阿富汗的政治滲透。第二,主動與俄國達(dá)成諒解,特別是與俄國達(dá)成了1873年協(xié)議。第三,日益加強(qiáng)對印度各土邦的控制,以防止俄國從中亞對印度進(jìn)行滲透。 1874-1882年為第二階段,英國政府實施積極爭奪的“向前挺進(jìn)”政策。“精明無為”政策客觀上有利于俄國完成對中亞的征服。1874年保守黨上臺后改變了英國的中亞政策,實行積極爭奪的“向前挺進(jìn)”政策。該政策主要體現(xiàn)在:一、發(fā)動第二次阿富汗戰(zhàn)爭,武力爭奪阿富汗。二、征剿印度西北邊境獨立部族。三、從政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化等方面全方位爭奪中亞。“前進(jìn)”政策將英俄爭奪中亞的“大角逐”推向高潮。1882-1907年是第三階段,英國政府實施與俄國相互勾結(jié)的“聯(lián)手瓜分”政策。在資本主義列強(qiáng)掀起瓜分狂潮、對中亞的爭奪大局已定的背景下,英國政府與俄國攜手劃定阿富汗邊界,非法私分了帕米爾地區(qū),瓜分了在波斯的勢力范圍。聯(lián)手瓜分政策是國際形勢發(fā)生重大改變的結(jié)果。 1907-1914年是第四階段,英國政府實施的是討價還價的“有效占領(lǐng)”政策。這里的討價還價主要圍繞著1907年《英俄協(xié)約》展開。英國國內(nèi)對《英俄協(xié)約》展開了激烈的爭論。波斯革命期間,英俄兩國暗自較真,但為了維護(hù)《英俄協(xié)約》,英國容忍了俄國對波斯的大規(guī)模入侵,而自己加強(qiáng)了在波斯南部滲透和擴(kuò)張,特別是對波斯石油的掠奪。阿富汗在英俄眼中顯得桀驁不馴,英國企圖重塑在阿富汗的權(quán)威。英俄兩國還在中國西藏勾心斗角。然而第一次世界大戰(zhàn)的爆發(fā)使《英俄協(xié)約》突然終結(jié)。
[Abstract]:For Britain, modern Central Asia is undoubtedly a great temptation. Central Asia is adjacent to British India. Controlling Central Asia can not only consolidate British colonial rule in India, but also expand British commodity markets and investment sites in Asia. Britain's strong rival to its expansion in Central Asia is Russia. From the end of the Crimean War to the outbreak of World War I, Britain and Russia have never stopped competing for Central Asia. British policy in Central Asia is largely directed at Russia. British Central Asia policy changes with the development of the situation at home and abroad. This paper divides the evolution of British Central Asia policy into four stages: In the first phase, 1856-1874, the British government pursued a prudent policy of "shrewdness". After the Crimean War, because Russia's diplomatic center of gravity shifted from the west to the east and pushed forward to Central Asia, British policy in Central Asia faced more resistance and challenge. Although some in Britain advocate aggressive "forward" policies, the Liberal government has opted for a cautious "shrewd" policy. This policy is mainly reflected in three aspects: first, the British and Indian governments signed a series of treaties with Afghanistan, which strengthened political infiltration into Afghanistan. Secondly, he reached an understanding with Russia, especially the 1873 agreement with Russia. Third, increasing control over the Indian states to prevent Russia from infiltrating India from Central Asia. In the second stage, 1874-1882, the British government carried out the aggressive policy of "advance". After the Conservative Party came to power in 1874, it changed the British policy of Central Asia and carried out the policy of "advancing forward" actively. This policy is mainly reflected in: first, launching the second Afghan War and fighting for Afghanistan by force. Second, enlist and suppress independent tribes on the northwestern border of India. Third, from the political, economic, cultural and other aspects of the fight for Central Asia. The "advance" policy pushed the Great Competition between Britain and Russia for Central Asia to a climax. 1882-1907 was the third stage, and the British government carried out the policy of "joint partition" in collusion with Russia. Under the background that the capitalist powers set off a frenzy of partition and scramble for the overall situation of Central Asia, the British government and Russia worked together to delimit the border of Afghanistan, illegally and privately divided the Pamir region and the sphere of influence in Persia. The policy of joint partition is the result of major changes in the international situation. In 1907-1914, the fourth stage, the British government carried out a bargaining "effective occupation" policy. The bargaining here revolved around the 1907 British and Russian Compact. There was a heated debate about the British and Russian Pact in Britain. During the Persian Revolution, Britain and Russia secretly took things seriously, but in order to maintain the Treaty of Britain and Russia, Britain tolerated the Russian invasion of Persia on a large scale, and strengthened its infiltration and expansion in the south of Persia, especially the plunder of Persian oil. Afghanistan is recalcitrant in the eyes of Britain and Russia, and Britain is trying to restore its authority in Afghanistan. Britain and Russia are still fighting in Tibet, China. However, the outbreak of World War I brought the Anglo-Russian Compact to a sudden end.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：廣西師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2008
【分類號】：K561

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本文編號：1985041