本文選題：但丁 + 哲學(xué)源流�。� 參考：《上海師范大學(xué)》2011年碩士論文

【摘要】：但丁(Dante Aligieri, 1265-1321)是意大利中世紀(jì)過(guò)渡到文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期的偉大民族詩(shī)人。出身沒(méi)落貴族,在從政過(guò)程中倡導(dǎo)世俗政權(quán)。后來(lái)由于政治斗爭(zhēng)被教皇黨放逐。主要著作有《神曲》、《新生》、《饗食》、《帝制論》、《論俗語(yǔ)》,書(shū)信體文章《致斯加拉大親王書(shū)》以及著名的敘事詩(shī)等。其著作與思想反映了人文主義的思想萌芽,肯定現(xiàn)世的生活,關(guān)注社會(huì)和追求真理,希望意大利能在君主制下和平統(tǒng)一。恩格斯評(píng)價(jià)他為“他是中世紀(jì)的最后一位詩(shī)人,同時(shí)又是新時(shí)代的最初一位詩(shī)人”。但丁的《帝制論》是一部論述政治統(tǒng)治的著作,但丁不僅是理論的闡述者,更是政壇的實(shí)踐者。政壇的成功與失敗以及顛沛流離的流浪生活,使得他對(duì)政治的見(jiàn)解超越了某些時(shí)代的局限性,本文試圖通過(guò)分析但丁的生平與著作思想來(lái)分析但丁的政治思想。處在新舊交替時(shí)代的但丁既受到傳統(tǒng)基督教的影響,也受到新思想萌芽的影響。在國(guó)家觀念上,但丁繼承和發(fā)展了阿奎那等宗教哲學(xué)家的國(guó)家觀,對(duì)中世紀(jì)傳統(tǒng)的國(guó)家觀提出了挑戰(zhàn),認(rèn)為國(guó)家不是一種惡而是一種合理的存在。但意大利四分五裂的局勢(shì)加之詩(shī)人本身多舛的命運(yùn),使得他對(duì)當(dāng)時(shí)意大利局勢(shì)有清醒的認(rèn)識(shí)。他認(rèn)為之所以會(huì)出現(xiàn)四分五裂的局面,是由于教皇干涉造成的,所以他提倡政教分離的主張。他認(rèn)為世俗國(guó)家的管理權(quán)直接來(lái)自上帝而不是來(lái)自教廷,所以管理世俗國(guó)家的權(quán)力是皇帝而不是教皇。教皇職責(zé)應(yīng)該是在人們的信仰方面,引導(dǎo)人們走向那永恒的幸福。所以堅(jiān)決反對(duì)教皇干涉政權(quán)。但丁的世俗國(guó)家的理想是建立一個(gè)世界性的帝國(guó)。但丁認(rèn)為世界帝國(guó)的君主貪欲最少,因此能最能實(shí)現(xiàn)正義。雖然但丁的世界帝國(guó)具有某種不現(xiàn)實(shí)性,但是他的這種帝國(guó)卻包含了很多近代國(guó)家的特征。首先,他強(qiáng)調(diào)法律法制的重要性,認(rèn)為國(guó)家在法制的準(zhǔn)繩下運(yùn)行。其次,但丁認(rèn)為和平尤為重要,結(jié)合自己的流放生涯,他認(rèn)為人類(lèi)只有在和平的環(huán)境下才能有所作為。最后,他提出了自由的重要性,人類(lèi)只有處在自由中才更能發(fā)揮自己的智力和潛力。但丁的政教分離理論延續(xù)了最初的宗教改革家的步伐,世界帝國(guó)的理論雖然具有理想性,但卻提出了近代國(guó)家政權(quán)的設(shè)想。從這一點(diǎn)來(lái)看我們也可以把把但丁看成一個(gè)新時(shí)代的政論家。
[Abstract]:Dante Aligierin (1265-1321) was a great national poet in the transition from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance. Born in decline aristocrat, in the process of political advocacy secular regime. He was later banished by the pope for political struggle. The main works include "Divine songs", "New Life", "Restaurant", "monarchy", "on the saying", the epistolary articles "to Prince Sgara" and famous narrative poems. His works and thoughts reflect the germination of humanism, affirm the life of the world, pay attention to the society and pursue the truth, and hope that Italy can be United peacefully under the monarchy. Engels called him "the last poet of the Middle Ages and the first poet of the new era." Dante's monarchy is a book on political rule. Dante is not only a theoretical narrator, but also a political practitioner. The success and failure of the political arena and the vagrant life make his opinion of politics exceed the limitations of some times. This paper attempts to analyze Dante's political thought by analyzing Dante's life and works. Dante was influenced by both traditional Christianity and the germination of new ideas. In the concept of state Dante inherited and developed the concept of state of religious philosophers such as Aquinas and challenged the traditional view of state in the Middle Ages that the state is not an evil but a reasonable existence. But the splintered Italian situation and the poet's own ill-fated fate made him have a clear understanding of the Italian situation at that time. He advocated secularism because he believed the fragmentation was caused by papal intervention. He believed that the power of the secular state came directly from God, not from the Holy see, so it was the emperor, not the pope, who governed the secular state. The papal duty should be to guide people to eternal happiness in their faith. So it was firmly opposed to the pope's interference with the regime. Dante's secular ideal was to build a world empire. Dante believed that the monarch of the world empire had the least greed and was therefore the best able to achieve justice. Although Dante's world empire was somewhat unrealistic, it contained many of the characteristics of modern nations. First, he stressed the importance of the legal system and believed that the country operated under the rule of law. Second, Dante believes that peace is particularly important and, combined with his exile career, he believes that humanity can only make a difference in a peaceful environment. Finally, he pointed out the importance of freedom, in which human beings are better able to develop their intelligence and potential. Dante's theory of separation of state and religion continued the pace of the original religious reformers. Although the theory of the world empire was ideal, it put forward the idea of modern state power. From this point of view, we can also regard Dante as a new era of political theorists.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：上海師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：K546.3

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