發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-05-24 11:48

  本文選題：王朝國家 + 民族國家��； 參考：《湘潭大學(xué)》2008年碩士論文

【摘要】： 民族主義是近代以來產(chǎn)生的一種政治思潮,它最初起源于十七世紀(jì)的英國,以后擴(kuò)展到歐洲、美洲,到了二十世紀(jì),則遍及全世界每一個(gè)國家。民族主義是民族國家的伴生物,近代民族主義是在構(gòu)建民族國家的過程中產(chǎn)生的,每個(gè)國家都有自己的民族主義,都有自己的民族主義發(fā)生、發(fā)展的歷史。不同的國家在產(chǎn)生的過程中形成了不同的民族主義。 在近代西方民族國家的形成過程中,英國、法國、德國最有代表性的。英國是近代民族主義的最初發(fā)源地,也是最早開始資產(chǎn)階級革命并走上工業(yè)化和現(xiàn)代化道路的國家。英國在市民階級和王權(quán)結(jié)成聯(lián)盟的情況下初步完成民族統(tǒng)一,建立了君主專制國。在這一歷史過程中,王權(quán)成為一個(gè)關(guān)鍵性因素,它成為構(gòu)建的民族國家統(tǒng)一的象征。而終結(jié)于17世紀(jì)的英國資產(chǎn)階級革命使英國由封建專制君主國逐漸演變?yōu)榻褡鍑?從此英國成為一個(gè)資產(chǎn)階級的立憲君主制的國家,由此誕生了英國民族主義。它的特點(diǎn)就是典型地顯示了由于資本主義商品經(jīng)濟(jì)而形成的統(tǒng)一的市場和共同的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益對于民族意識(shí)的激發(fā)作用,其政治思想表現(xiàn)為鮮明的自由主義特征,強(qiáng)調(diào)以財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)為核心的天賦人權(quán),要求自由和法治。 在法國,民族主義表現(xiàn)為民主主義形態(tài)。法國在15世紀(jì)確立了君主專制中央集權(quán)國家,然而,這種專制王權(quán)統(tǒng)治下的國家還不是近代民族國家。隨著資本主義的發(fā)展,封建君主專制出現(xiàn)了深刻的危機(jī),導(dǎo)致了啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng)的出現(xiàn),法國啟蒙思想家把反對封建專制王權(quán)和爭取“民主”、“共和”以及愛民族、愛祖國的思想相結(jié)合,這成為了在民族主義理論上的突出特征,而盧梭奠定了法國民主主義民族主義的理論基礎(chǔ)。法國大革命通過推翻封建君主專制從而建立了近代民族國家,從而推動(dòng)近代西歐民族主義的最終確立。 在德意志,中世紀(jì)的分裂和專制造成德意志文化民族主義,文化民族主義實(shí)現(xiàn)了德意志文化上的統(tǒng)一,而政治上繼續(xù)分裂;統(tǒng)一在19世紀(jì)成為主要任務(wù),而反封建任務(wù)只能退居其次。直到拿破侖戰(zhàn)爭時(shí)期文化民族主義才轉(zhuǎn)變成政治民族主義,在近半個(gè)世紀(jì)的探索中形成了成熟的政治民族主義,并在其指導(dǎo)下德意志由軍事國家普魯士通過武力實(shí)現(xiàn)了統(tǒng)一。這使得德意志民族主義帶上了濃厚的封建主義、軍國主義色彩,從而使民族國家具有強(qiáng)烈的對外擴(kuò)張性的特點(diǎn)。 英、法、德三國伴隨著民族國家的建立,形成了民族主義,并邁入了現(xiàn)代化的社會(huì),它們都有各自的特點(diǎn)。近代民族主義產(chǎn)生以后,開始影響著世界歷史的進(jìn)程。
[Abstract]:Nationalism is a kind of political trend since modern times. It originated in England in the 17th century, then expanded to Europe, America, and by the twentieth century, it spread all over the world. Nationalism is the companion of nation-state. Modern nationalism is produced in the process of constructing nation-state. Each country has its own nationalism and has its own history of nationalism occurrence and development. Different countries have formed different nationalism in the process of emergence. In the formation of modern western nation-state, Britain, France and Germany are the most representative. Britain was the original birthplace of modern nationalism and the earliest country to start bourgeois revolution and to embark on the road of industrialization and modernization. Under the condition that the citizen class and Wang Quan formed an alliance, Britain initially completed the national unification and established the autocratic monarchy. In this historical process, Wang Quan became a key factor, it became the symbol of nation-state unity. The British bourgeois revolution, which ended in the 17th century, gradually changed Britain from a feudal autocratic monarchy to a modern nation-state. From then on, Britain became a constitutional monarchy of the bourgeoisie, and British nationalism was born. It is characterized by a typical display of the role of the unified market and common economic interests formed by the capitalist commodity economy in stimulating national consciousness, and its political ideology is characterized by its distinct liberalism. Emphasis on property rights as the core of natural human rights, the demand for freedom and the rule of law. In France, nationalism manifests itself in the form of democracy. France established monarchy and centralism in the 15th century. However, the state under the autocratic Wang Quan was not a modern nation-state. With the development of capitalism, the feudal autocratic monarchy appeared a profound crisis, which led to the emergence of the Enlightenment Movement. The French Enlightenment thinkers opposed the feudal autocracy and fought for "democracy", "republic" and love of the nation. The combination of love for the motherland has become a prominent feature in the theory of nationalism, and Rousseau laid the theoretical foundation of French democratic nationalism. The French Revolution established a modern nation-state by overthrowing feudal autocratic monarchy, thus promoting the establishment of nationalism in modern Western Europe. In Germany, secession and despotism in the Middle Ages led to German cultural nationalism, which realized the unity of German culture and continued to divide politically; unity became the main task in the 19th century. The task of anti-feudalism can only be relegated to the second place. It was not until the Napoleon War that cultural nationalism was transformed into political nationalism, which formed mature political nationalism in the exploration of nearly half a century, and under its guidance Germany was unified by the military state Prussia by force. This makes German nationalism with strong feudalism, militarism, so that the nation-state has a strong characteristics of external expansion. With the establishment of nation-state, Britain, France and Germany formed nationalism and entered a modern society. They all had their own characteristics. After the emergence of modern nationalism, it began to affect the process of world history.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：湘潭大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2008
【分類號】：K504

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