本文選題：奧斯曼帝國 + 米勒特制��； 參考：《山西大學》2011年碩士論文

【摘要】：奧斯曼帝國作為一個伊斯蘭教國家,繼承了阿拉伯帝國對非穆斯林群體的寬容,并且在此基礎上建立了“米勒特”制度。米勒特制度允許居住在奧斯曼帝國的民族或社團在承認素丹和奧斯曼帝國政府權威的前提下,繳納一定的賦稅,就可以保留其自身的民族文化和宗教信仰。米勒特制度的建立,讓奧斯曼土耳其人成功地統(tǒng)治著許多并不信仰伊斯蘭教的民族。而那些在歐洲受到迫害的猶太人,那些被羅馬教廷視為異端的東正教徒,還有那些屬于格里高利教派的亞美尼亞人,都選擇奧斯曼帝國為定居地,并在這里生活了幾百年。這些非穆斯林群體活躍于商業(yè)領域,而他們的商業(yè)活動在奧斯曼帝國的經(jīng)濟中占據(jù)重要的地位。奧斯曼帝國優(yōu)越的地理位置和帝國內(nèi)商人群體的存在,使得奧斯曼帝國統(tǒng)治下的巴爾干、西亞、北非地區(qū)成為東西方商品流通的“中轉(zhuǎn)站”,成為世界貿(mào)易體系中重要的環(huán)節(jié)。 作為奧斯曼帝國數(shù)量最多的三個少數(shù)民族群體,猶太人、希臘人和亞美尼亞人在奧斯曼帝國的經(jīng)濟和商業(yè)活動中起到巨大的作用。一方面,這三個民族自古就有經(jīng)商的傳統(tǒng),尤其在新航路開辟之后,他們在歐亞地區(qū)建立起范圍廣闊的貿(mào)易網(wǎng),加之有奧斯曼帝國強大的實力為背景,讓這些民族可以發(fā)揮他們在貿(mào)易方面的優(yōu)勢。另一方面,由于政治和宗教因素導致的沖突,歐洲天主教國家禁止穆斯林商人進入,而信仰伊斯蘭教遜尼派的奧斯曼帝國與信仰什葉派的波斯帝國也處于敵對中,只有非穆斯林的商人們得以自由地往來于西歐、奧斯曼帝國和波斯帝國之間。因此,猶太人、希臘人和亞美尼亞人在奧斯曼帝國的出口貿(mào)易和跨國貿(mào)易中占據(jù)支配地位。 整體來看,三個少數(shù)民族群體的興衰經(jīng)歷了不同階段。在奧斯曼帝國早期,猶太人率先在商業(yè)活動中興起,十七世紀中后期,希臘人主導了奧斯曼帝國在地中海的貿(mào)易,并逐漸取代猶太人在商業(yè)活動中的地位,同一時期亞美尼亞商人也建立起自己龐大的貿(mào)易網(wǎng),特別是壟斷了波斯的絲綢出口。十九世紀前期亞美尼亞人成為奧斯曼帝國參與國際貿(mào)易最主要的商人群體,他們在進行商業(yè)活動的同時成為溝通東西方世界的中介。隨著奧斯曼帝國衰落,西歐列強通過政治和軍事力量逐步控制了奧斯曼帝國的經(jīng)濟,非穆斯林商人群體的地位逐漸被西歐商人所取代。 本文的研究表明,非穆斯林商人在奧斯曼帝國的經(jīng)濟生活中起著不可替代的作用,也促進了奧斯曼帝國社會與歐洲社會的交流。而非穆斯林商人群體的興衰,直接受奧斯曼帝國國力的影響,也受到國際政治經(jīng)濟形勢變化的制約。
[Abstract]:The Ottoman Empire, as an Islamic country, inherited the tolerance of the Arab Empire to non-Muslim groups, and established the system of "Millert" on this basis. The Millette system allows the people or societies living in the Ottoman Empire to pay certain taxes on the condition that they recognize the authority of the Sultan and the Ottoman Empire government, and then they can retain their own national culture and religious beliefs. With the establishment of the Millert system, the Ottoman Turks succeeded in ruling many people who did not believe in Islam. The Jews who were persecuted in Europe, the Orthodox Christians who were regarded by the Holy see as heretical, and the Armenians who belonged to the Gregorian sect, chose the Ottoman Empire as a settlement and lived there for hundreds of years. These non-Muslim groups are active in business, and their business activities play an important role in the Ottoman economy. The superior geographical position of Ottoman Empire and the existence of merchants in the Empire made the Balkan, West Asia and North Africa under Ottoman Empire become the "transit station" for the circulation of goods between the East and the West, and become an important link in the world trade system. Jews, Greeks and Armenians, the three largest minority groups in the Ottoman Empire, played a significant role in the Ottoman Empire's economic and commercial activities. On the one hand, these three peoples have a tradition of doing business since ancient times, especially after the opening of a new route, they have built a wide trade network in the Eurasian region, coupled with the strong power of the Ottoman Empire. Let these peoples take advantage of their trade. On the other hand, because of political and religious conflicts, European Catholic countries banned Muslim businessmen from entering, and the Ottoman Empire, which believes in Islam, was hostile to the Shiite Persian Empire. Only non-Muslim businessmen were free to travel between Western Europe, the Ottoman Empire and the Persian Empire. As a result, Jews, Greeks and Armenians dominated the Ottoman Empire's export and transnational trade. Overall, the rise and fall of the three ethnic groups experienced different stages. In the early Ottoman Empire, the Jews took the lead in commercial activities. In the middle and late 17th century, the Greeks dominated the Ottoman Empire's trade in the Mediterranean Sea and gradually replaced the Jewish position in business activities. At the same time, Armenian merchants also set up their own huge trade network, especially the monopoly of Persian silk exports. In the early 19th century the Armenians became the most important group of businessmen in international trade of the Ottoman Empire. They became the intermediary for the communication between the East and the West while conducting business activities. With the decline of the Ottoman Empire, Western European powers gradually controlled the economy of the Ottoman Empire through political and military power, and the status of non-Muslim merchants was gradually replaced by Western European merchants. The study shows that non-Muslim businessmen play an irreplaceable role in the economic life of the Ottoman Empire and promote the exchange between the Ottoman and European societies. The rise and fall of non-Muslim businessmen were directly influenced by the power of Ottoman Empire and restricted by the changes of international political and economic situation.
【學位授予單位】：山西大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：K374.3

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本文編號：1925636