發(fā)布時間：2018-05-21 06:37

  本文選題：魏瑪共和國 + 美國因素�。� 參考：《武漢大學》2006年博士論文

【摘要】： 在德國歷史上,魏瑪共和國是一個存在時間雖短、但具有鮮明特色的歷史時期,也是德國歷史上第一個資產(chǎn)階級共和國。幾十年來,魏瑪共和國崩潰的原因引起了學者們廣泛的關注,許多學者給出了不同的答案。本文主要分析了美國因素對魏瑪共和國興衰的影響。論文按魏瑪共和國歷史演進階段,分別論述了美國與魏瑪共和國建立、美國與魏瑪共和國初期危機以及相對穩(wěn)定時期和瓦解的關系。 第一章分析了美國與魏瑪共和國建立的關系。在美國歷史上,威爾遜總統(tǒng)以其“理想主義”外交著稱。美國投身第一次世界大戰(zhàn)武力競技場,決定了德國軍事冒險失敗的結局。在德國戰(zhàn)爭失敗已成定局的情況下,德國最高統(tǒng)帥部表示愿意在威爾遜“十四點計劃”等原則的基礎上,同美國和協(xié)約國停戰(zhàn)和講和。威爾遜不斷增加的德國政治民主化的要求,不僅推動了德國憲政改革,而且將德國專制制度的象征——威廉二世押上了歷史的前臺。威爾遜幫助開啟了德國“十一月革命”的進程,在某種程度上,威爾遜扮演了德帝國的“掘墓人”以及魏瑪共和國的“催生婆”雙重角色。 在巴黎和會上,歐美列強圍繞戰(zhàn)后和平安排和對德和約進行了激烈的爭斗,威爾遜在殖民地、德國賠償?shù)纫幌盗袉栴}上違背了“十四點計劃”等的承諾。《凡爾賽和約》將魏瑪共和國與恥辱的戰(zhàn)敗、巨大的民族災難聯(lián)系在一起,嚴重敗壞了共和國和魏瑪民主的聲譽,造成了共和國深重的合法性危機。 《魏瑪憲法》號稱當時世界上最民主的憲法。在公民基本權利、聯(lián)邦制度、民選總統(tǒng)等方面,美國憲政給《魏瑪憲法》打下了深刻的印記。德國革命并未伴隨經(jīng)濟基礎和社會結構的重大變化,《魏瑪憲法》賦予的廣泛民主權力成為反共和國、反民主勢力合法向共和國發(fā)動進攻的有效保護傘。聯(lián)邦制度下德國國家體制的潛在危機、二元制議會制下議會、總統(tǒng)相互制衡的失衡和權力向總統(tǒng)的傾斜的隱憂,為共和國的開幕曲唱響了不祥之音。 第二章論述了美國政策對魏瑪共和國初期危機的影響。 美國共和黨政府在國際事務中奉行“獨立的國際主義”,避免對歐洲政治卷入和安全承諾,對德國和歐洲醉心于推行以非官方為主體的經(jīng)濟外交。美國拒絕對歐洲的安全作出保證,強化了法國對安全的憂慮以及對德國推行擠壓政策的決心;美國保護主義的商業(yè)政策,加深了戰(zhàn)后歐洲經(jīng)濟恢復和發(fā)展的困難;美國堅持向歐洲國家索債,給戰(zhàn)后初期經(jīng)濟困難的歐洲增添了新的負擔,反過來增加了歐洲協(xié)約國向德國榨取苛重賠償?shù)膲毫?美國對德國賠償干預乏力,不能阻止歐洲協(xié)約國、特別是法國在賠償問題上的冒險行動。從威爾遜執(zhí)政后期到柯立芝總統(tǒng)當政初期,美國歐洲外交的實踐活動在某種種程度上推動了德國賠償危機的爆發(fā),深化了共和國初期的危機。 魯爾危機將魏瑪共和國推向了經(jīng)濟瀕于崩潰,社會全面瓦解、政治嚴重危機的深淵,共和國出現(xiàn)了嚴重的生存危機。 第三章分析了美國與魏瑪共和國相對穩(wěn)定的關系和對德國的影響。重大的挫折孕育重大的轉機。1923年冬,美國開始運用美國強大的財政資本力量,較積極地介入賠償問題�！兜劳褂媱潯贰ⅰ堵邋戎Z公約》相繼誕生,整個歐洲和戰(zhàn)后資本主義世界進入了相對穩(wěn)定時期。 《道威斯計劃》是魏瑪共和國的一場經(jīng)濟改革運動,它推動共和國出現(xiàn)了“世界經(jīng)濟史中最壯觀的一次復興”。經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展為政治穩(wěn)定創(chuàng)造了條件,共和國迎來了歷史發(fā)展的“金色的二十年代”。 相對穩(wěn)定時期,“美國主義”在德國風靡一時,但生產(chǎn)合理化、福特制的美國生產(chǎn)方式并不能完全解決德國的經(jīng)濟和社會等問題。生產(chǎn)合理化無法消除建立在私有制基礎上勞資之間圍繞社會財富分配所產(chǎn)生的沖突,資本集團、尤其是重工業(yè)資本家對“福利國家”“工會國家”的猛烈攻擊,不斷融蝕著建立在勞資等妥協(xié)基礎上的不穩(wěn)定的魏瑪共和國和民主政治的基礎。美國大眾文化的風行帶來了德國傳統(tǒng)文化的衰落,德國文化民族主義者、文化保守主義者等對美國大眾文化、“美國主義”、美國文明的批判,加深了德國政治、思想和文化的混亂。德國右翼知識分子在社會和文化領域掀起了新“保守革命”,成為納粹主義的重要思想來源和魏瑪共和國的掘墓人。 20世紀20年代中期,美元源源不斷地流向德國。德國社會內(nèi)部圍繞美元貸款的控制、用途的爭論,使相對穩(wěn)定時期德國政局和社會關系進一步復雜化。與此同時,貸款成為德國與美國賠償總管之間爭執(zhí)的中心,它與賠償問題聯(lián)系在一起,帶來了對《道威斯計劃》的修正,《楊格計劃》應運而生�！稐罡裼媱潯返倪\行建立在德國經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的樂觀估計基礎上,30年代的大危機很快擊破了這一夢想。 第四章論述了肇始于美國的大蕭條對魏瑪共和國瓦解的影響。一戰(zhàn)對歐洲經(jīng)濟霸權的嚴重沖擊、戰(zhàn)后歐洲(尤其是德國)對美國嚴重的財政依賴、戰(zhàn)后錯綜復雜的戰(zhàn)債和賠償問題交織在一起,惡化了20年代國際金融機制。美國紐約股市的黑色風暴迅速席卷了德國及整個世界,德國成為遭受危機打擊最重的歐洲國家。 由美國肇始的經(jīng)濟危機引發(fā)了德國嚴重的的財政危機和議會民主政治的危機,社民黨米勒大聯(lián)合政府內(nèi)部以社民黨和人民黨為代表、以及工會與工業(yè)界之間圍繞福利政策、特別是失業(yè)保險產(chǎn)生了激烈爭執(zhí)。米勒大聯(lián)合內(nèi)閣的倒臺標志著建立在議會多數(shù)基礎上的政府一去不復返了。 布呂寧“總統(tǒng)制內(nèi)閣“將外交放在優(yōu)先地位,企圖通過通貨緊縮政策達到擺脫《凡爾賽和約》,抑制納粹黨等極右翼勢力滋長,鞏固國內(nèi)統(tǒng)治,實現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟和政治重組的目的。 但布呂寧的外交優(yōu)先戰(zhàn)略得不到美國的配合,美國傾向于溫和修約政策,一直在戰(zhàn)債和賠償問題上持僵硬立場。美國政府的政策擊破了布呂寧在外交舞臺上盡速獲得成功的希望,削弱了布呂寧政府的統(tǒng)治。 緊縮政策加重了經(jīng)濟危機和人民的苦難,將無數(shù)大危機的受害者、尤其是中產(chǎn)階級推向了以德國極端民族主義和“社會主義”進行政治投機的極右翼勢力的行列。大工業(yè)家、容克地主、國防軍紛紛拋棄布呂寧,使之成為宮廷政變的犧牲品。布呂寧的倒臺構成了魏瑪民主崩潰的真正轉折點,隨著巴本內(nèi)閣的上臺,打開了希特勒爭奪最高權利的道路,魏瑪共和國終于化為歷史的陳跡。
[Abstract]:In the history of Germany , the Weimar Republic is a historical period with distinctive features , but it is the first bourgeois republic in Germany . For the past few decades , the reasons for the collapse of the Weimar Republic have attracted extensive attention from scholars . Many scholars have given different answers . This paper mainly analyzes the influence of American factors on the rise and decline of Weimar Republic . In the historical evolution stage of Weimar Republic , this paper discusses the relations between the United States and the Weimar Republic , the crisis in the United States and the Weimar Republic , and the relative stability period and disintegration .


The first chapter analyzes the relationship between the United States and the Weimar Republic . In the history of the United States , President Wilson is known for his " idealism " diplomacy . In the event of the defeat of the German war , the supreme command of Germany expressed its willingness to stop and speak with the United States and the United States .


At the Paris Peace Conference , the United States and the United States strongly fought around the post - war peace arrangements and the fierce fighting against Germany , Wilson said in a series of issues , such as colonial and German compensation .


The German revolution is not accompanied by major changes in economic and social structures . The German revolution is not accompanied by major changes in economic and social structures . The German revolution is not accompanied by major changes in the economic base and social structure . The potential crisis of the German national system under the federal system , the imbalance between the parliament and the president , and the inclination of the president .


The second chapter discusses the influence of American policy on the early crisis of Weimar Republic .


America ' s commitment to security in Europe and its determination to impose a squeeze policy on Germany have been deepened by the U.S . government ' s commitment to security concerns and its commitment to Germany ' s economic recovery and development . The U.S . ' s insistence on debt to European countries has deepened the European Union ' s economic recovery and development . In the early stages of the post - war European Union , the U.S . diplomatic practice in Europe has contributed to the outbreak of the German compensation crisis and deepened the crisis in the early Republic of the Republic .


The Ruhr crisis has pushed the Weimar Republic towards the abyss of economic and imminent collapse , full disintegration of society and a serious political crisis , and the Republic has experienced a serious crisis of survival .


The third chapter analyzes the relative stability of the United States and the Weimar Republic and its influence on Germany . Major setbacks have spawned a major turning machine . In the winter of 1923 , the United States began to use the powerful financial capital force of the United States to intervene positively in the compensation problem .


It is a campaign of economic reform in the Weimar Republic , which promotes the Republic ' s " most spectacular renaissance in the history of the world economy " . The development of the economy creates conditions for political stability and the Republic welcomes the " golden 1920s " of historical development .


During the period of relative stability , " Americanism " is the rage in Germany , but the production rationalization and Ford ' s American means of production do not fully solve the problems of German economy and society .


In the middle of the 20th century , the United States dollar was flowing steadily towards Germany . The German society was further complicated by the control and use of US dollar loans . At the same time , the loan became the centre of the dispute between Germany and the United States Compensation Commission .


Chapter Four discusses the influence of the Great Depression , which began in the United States , on the collapse of the Weimar Republic . The war is a serious shock to the European economic hegemony . After the war in Europe ( especially Germany ) , the severe financial dependence of the United States and the complex war debt and compensation problem have worsened the international financial mechanism in the 1920s . Black storms in the New York stock market quickly swept the Germany and the whole world , and Germany became the heaviest European country to hit the crisis .


The economic crisis started by the United States led to a serious financial crisis in Germany and a crisis in parliamentary democracy , with the SPD and the People ' s Party as their representatives , as well as a heated debate between trade unions and industry around welfare policies , particularly unemployment insurance . The collapse of the Miller ' s coalition cabinet marked the return of the government on the majority of the parliament .


" The presidential cabinet " put the diplomacy on top priority , and tried to get rid of the country ' s ultra - right - wing forces , such as the Nazi Party , through the policy of deflation , and to consolidate domestic rule and realize economic and political restructuring . But Br眉ning ' s diplomatic priorities are not matched by the United States , and the United States is inclined to moderate the policy and has been a stiff stand on the issue of debt and compensation . The U.S . government ' s policy has broken the hopes of Mr . Brewer ' s success in the diplomatic arena , weakening the government ' s rule . The austerity measures have exacerbated the economic crisis and the suffering of the people and pushed the victims of numerous crises , especially the middle class , to the extreme right - wing forces of political speculation in Germany ' s extreme nationalism and " socialism " . The downfall of Mr . Br眉ning constitutes a real turning point for the collapse of the Weimar Democratic Republic , which has opened up the road of Hitler ' s struggle for the highest rights , and the Republic of Weimar has finally translated into history .
【學位授予單位】：武漢大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2006
【分類號】：K516.43

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