本文選題：《1946年就業(yè)法》 + 充分就業(yè)議案　； 參考：《東北師范大學(xué)》2010年碩士論文

【摘要】： 本文以美國(guó)《1946年就業(yè)法》為研究對(duì)象,探究其制定的背景與過(guò)程并且對(duì)該法律進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)。20世紀(jì)30年代經(jīng)濟(jì)大危機(jī)期間,羅斯福新政用以工代賑的方式,安置數(shù)百萬(wàn)勞動(dòng)力就業(yè),但是,嚴(yán)格地講,這種應(yīng)急性措施并未涉及勞工的技術(shù)培訓(xùn)。第二次世界大戰(zhàn)結(jié)束時(shí),大多數(shù)美國(guó)人并沒(méi)有擺脫經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)帶來(lái)的恐懼。美國(guó)在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)所實(shí)現(xiàn)的充分就業(yè)與30年代經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)形成鮮明對(duì)比,促使充分就業(yè)作為戰(zhàn)后目標(biāo)提到政府和國(guó)會(huì)的議事日程。在杜魯門(mén)的經(jīng)濟(jì)綱領(lǐng)中,充分就業(yè)是重要內(nèi)容之一。但是,凱恩斯主義關(guān)于運(yùn)用財(cái)政政策作為管理經(jīng)濟(jì)手段的理論論述,在美國(guó)引起了保守主義者和自由主義者的爭(zhēng)論,1945年充分就業(yè)議案沒(méi)有獲得國(guó)會(huì)的批準(zhǔn),最后經(jīng)過(guò)參議院和眾議院的討論,通過(guò)了《1946年就業(yè)法》,它決定“促進(jìn)最大限度的就業(yè)、生產(chǎn)和購(gòu)買(mǎi)力”,《1946年就業(yè)法》之后,就業(yè)與培訓(xùn)也開(kāi)始被納入國(guó)策之中,因而它標(biāo)志著美國(guó)就業(yè)與培訓(xùn)政策體系確立的開(kāi)始。在此之后,直至1968年,美國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)先后頒布十余項(xiàng)法案,其中最主要的是《1962年人力開(kāi)發(fā)與培訓(xùn)法》和《1964年經(jīng)濟(jì)機(jī)會(huì)法》。這些法案都構(gòu)成了比較完整的就業(yè)與培訓(xùn)政策體系的核心,并在維持就業(yè)市場(chǎng)供求關(guān)系的平衡、減少失業(yè)人口、推動(dòng)社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展等方面起到了積極作用。 引言部分介紹了本文探究的問(wèn)題的國(guó)內(nèi)外研究現(xiàn)狀、選題緣由與研究意義、研究思路與方法。 第一章主要研究美國(guó)《1946年就業(yè)法》出臺(tái)的背景,主要是從大蕭條的影響和凱恩斯及其理論對(duì)美國(guó)的影響這兩方面來(lái)探究。 第二章從充分就業(yè)議案的提出、自由主義者對(duì)議案的支持和保守主義者對(duì)議案的反對(duì)三方面介紹美國(guó)《1946年就業(yè)法》出臺(tái)的過(guò)程。 第三章對(duì)美國(guó)《1946年就業(yè)法》的內(nèi)容和它決定成立的兩個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu):經(jīng)濟(jì)顧問(wèn)委員會(huì)和國(guó)會(huì)聯(lián)合委員會(huì)作出評(píng)價(jià)。 結(jié)語(yǔ)部分對(duì)全文進(jìn)行總結(jié)和概括,梳理了美國(guó)《1946年就業(yè)法》出臺(tái)的背景、過(guò)程及其意義。它的出臺(tái)并不一帆風(fēng)順,保守主義者和自由主義者對(duì)其各持己見(jiàn),相互制衡。同充分就業(yè)議案比較,《1946年就業(yè)法》是一種倒退,但是它是一個(gè)標(biāo)志性的法案,對(duì)美國(guó)的就業(yè)和培訓(xùn)政策的實(shí)踐有重要意義。
[Abstract]:This paper takes the Employment Act 1946 of the United States as the research object, explores the background and process of its formulation, and evaluates the law. During the Great Economic crisis of the 1930s, Roosevelt's New deal employed millions of workers in the form of relief for work. Strictly speaking, however, this emergency measure does not involve technical training for workers. At the end of World War II, most Americans were not free from the fear of the economic crisis. The full employment achieved in the second World War in the United States is in sharp contrast to the economic crisis in the 1930s, which has prompted the full employment to be put on the agenda of the government and Congress as the goal of the postwar war. In Truman's economic program, full employment is one of the important contents. However, the Keynesian theory of using fiscal policy as a means of managing the economy caused controversy between conservatives and liberals in the United States, and the 1945 full employment bill was not approved by Congress. Finally, after discussions in the Senate and the House of Representatives, the Employment Act 1946 was passed, which decided to "promote maximum employment, production and purchasing power." after the Employment Act 1946, employment and training began to be incorporated into state policy. Therefore, it marks the beginning of the establishment of American employment and training policy system. After that, until 1968, the United States Congress enacted more than ten bills, the most important of which was the Manpower Development and training Act 1962 and the Economic opportunity Act 1964. These acts form the core of a relatively complete employment and training policy system, and play a positive role in maintaining the balance between supply and demand in the job market, reducing the number of unemployed people, and promoting social and economic development. The introduction introduces the domestic and international research status, the reason and significance of the topic, the research ideas and methods. The first chapter mainly studies the background of American Employment Act 1946, mainly from two aspects: the impact of the Great Depression and the influence of Keynes and his theory on the United States. The second chapter introduces the process of American Employment Act 1946 from three aspects: the proposal of full employment bill, the support of liberals to the bill and the opposition of conservatives to the bill. The third chapter evaluates the contents of the Employment Act 1946 and the two bodies it decided to establish: the Council of Economic Advisers and the Joint Committee of Congress. The conclusion summarizes and summarizes the full text, combing the background, process and significance of American Employment Act 1946. It was not always easy, with conservatives and liberals holding their own, counterbalancing each other. Compared with the full Employment Act, the Employment Act 1946 is a retrogression, but it is an iconic act, which is of great significance to the practice of employment and training policies in the United States.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：東北師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2010
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：K712.5

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