本文選題：英國 + 敞田制　； 參考：《四川師范大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：敞田制是英國中世紀(jì)最主要的土地制度,它為中世紀(jì)英國莊園農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的順利進(jìn)行提供了保障,是英國前工業(yè)社會(huì)的經(jīng)濟(jì)基礎(chǔ)。它形成于盎格魯-撒克遜時(shí)代晚期,一直持續(xù)到19世紀(jì)后期才消失于英國土地上。敞田制存在前期,它是適應(yīng)英國農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展需要的,有力地促進(jìn)了英國社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地進(jìn)步。12-13世紀(jì),敞田制在英國進(jìn)入了鼎盛時(shí)期,分布在全國絕大多數(shù)地方。到了14世紀(jì)中期,英國因?yàn)榧膊∪丝阡J減,導(dǎo)致敞田上的勞動(dòng)力嚴(yán)重缺乏。加之敞田制的本身所具有的分散性、強(qiáng)制性的弊端,對社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展造成了阻礙。土地所有者開始轉(zhuǎn)變生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營模式,土地出租開始出現(xiàn)并不斷發(fā)展,逐漸打破了原先敞地上的分散狀態(tài),農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)者也開始進(jìn)行自主生產(chǎn)。在16世紀(jì),圈地運(yùn)動(dòng)興起,更為全面的破壞了敞田制。18世紀(jì)開始的議會(huì)圈地運(yùn)動(dòng),給敞田制造成了致命一擊,將敞田制徹底終結(jié)。敞田制的衰敗大致可以分成三個(gè)時(shí)期,第一時(shí)期是14世紀(jì)中期以前,這時(shí)敞田制還處于發(fā)展上升時(shí)期,并沒有明顯遭到破壞的痕跡,只有一些即將遭到破壞的征兆出現(xiàn)。如農(nóng)民為了解決農(nóng)村的土地問題、制度問題、人口增長問題,調(diào)整了土地的分配結(jié)構(gòu)。第二時(shí)期是14世紀(jì)中期到16世紀(jì)初,敞田制開始遭到破壞,且在一系列因素的推動(dòng)下加速衰敗的過程。如土地出租所帶來的貨幣地租,人口減少造成的雇傭關(guān)系以及商業(yè)興盛改變了農(nóng)村的生產(chǎn)結(jié)構(gòu),這些都發(fā)展了農(nóng)村的商品經(jīng)濟(jì),推動(dòng)了農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化的發(fā)展。第三時(shí)期是16-19世紀(jì),敞田制在此時(shí)全面崩潰,從生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營方式到土地占有方式全面改變,近代農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)方式在農(nóng)村確立。如租地農(nóng)場采取的資本主義生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營方式,圈地終結(jié)了敞田分散的特性。敞田制的衰敗對農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展產(chǎn)生的影響以積極方面為主。它導(dǎo)致了農(nóng)業(yè)人口結(jié)構(gòu)的改變,提高了農(nóng)業(yè)勞動(dòng)力的生產(chǎn)積極性;它增加了可耕地的面積,提升了農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)量;它吸引了大量資金投入農(nóng)業(yè),促進(jìn)了農(nóng)村商品化進(jìn)程;它迫使統(tǒng)治階級改變農(nóng)業(yè)政策,為農(nóng)村穩(wěn)定發(fā)展提供支持。
[Abstract]:Open field system is the most important land system in England in the Middle Ages, which provided the guarantee for the smooth development of agricultural production of British manors in the Middle Ages and was the economic basis of the pre-industrial society in England. It was formed in the late Anglo-Saxon era and lasted until the late 19 th century when it disappeared on English soil. In the early stage of the open field system, it was adapted to the needs of the agricultural development in England and promoted the progress of the British society and economy in the 12th and 13th centuries. The open field system in England entered its peak period and was distributed in most parts of the country. By the middle of the 14 th century, Britain suffered a severe shortage of labour in the open field due to a sharp decline in the number of people suffering from disease. In addition, the open-field system has its own dispersive and compulsory disadvantages, which hinder the development of social economy. The landowners began to change the mode of production and management, the land lease began to appear and develop, gradually broke the original open land dispersion, agricultural producers also began to produce autonomously. In the 16th century, the rise of the ring movement, more comprehensive destruction of the open field system. 18 th century the parliamentary enclosure movement, to open field into a fatal blow, the open field system is completely ended. The decline of open field system can be divided into three periods. The first period was before the middle of the 14th century. At this time, the open field system was still in the period of development and rising, and there was no obvious sign of destruction, only some signs of imminent destruction appeared. For example, in order to solve the problems of rural land, system and population growth, farmers have adjusted the land distribution structure. The second period was from the middle of the 14th century to the beginning of the 16th century, the open field system began to be destroyed, and accelerated the process of decline by a series of factors. For example, the money rent brought by the land lease, the employment relationship caused by the decrease of the population and the prosperity of commerce have changed the rural production structure. All these have developed the rural commodity economy and promoted the development of agricultural modernization. The third period was 16-19 century, when the open field system completely collapsed, from the mode of production and management to the mode of land occupation, the modern agricultural production mode was established in the countryside. For example, the capitalist mode of production and management adopted by the land rental farm, closed the open field to end the characteristics of dispersion. The decline of open-field system has a positive effect on the development of agriculture. It leads to the change of the agricultural population structure and improves the productive enthusiasm of the agricultural labor force, it increases the area of arable land and increases the agricultural output, it attracts a lot of funds into agriculture, and promotes the process of rural commercialization. It forces the ruling class to change its agricultural policy to support stable rural development.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：四川師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：K561.3

【參考文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)期刊論文 前1條

1 向榮;;敞田制與英國的傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)[J];中國社會(huì)科學(xué);2014年01期

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本文編號：1908234