本文選題：冷戰(zhàn) + 遏制戰(zhàn)略�。� 參考：《上海社會科學(xué)院》2009年碩士論文

【摘要】： 遏制戰(zhàn)略是冷戰(zhàn)期間美國國家安全戰(zhàn)略的核心。圍繞這一總體戰(zhàn)略,為遏制蘇聯(lián)、取得冷戰(zhàn)勝利,冷戰(zhàn)期間的歷屆美國政府采取了多種政策。其中,對外援助發(fā)揮了重要且獨特的作用。 本文結(jié)合美國政府解密文獻,對1947-1974年間美國對外援助的史實進行評析,采用歷史分析、政策分析和數(shù)據(jù)分析等方法,將美國對外援助置于美國總體國家安全戰(zhàn)略——遏制戰(zhàn)略這一大框架內(nèi)思考,力圖通過考察美國在冷戰(zhàn)各個階段遏制戰(zhàn)略的調(diào)整變化,以及與此相對應(yīng)的對外援助政策的變化和走向,來分析美國如何將援助政策作為遏制戰(zhàn)略的一個重要組成部分加以實施。 全文除引言和結(jié)論外,正文部分主要包括四個方面。 引言部分主要敘述了遏制戰(zhàn)略的由來,研究領(lǐng)域的基本情況,以及本研究的學(xué)術(shù)價值和現(xiàn)實意義。 第一部分,杜魯門政府揭開了冷戰(zhàn)對外援助的序幕。冷戰(zhàn)爆發(fā)初期,為阻止蘇聯(lián)共產(chǎn)主義的擴張,美國向西歐提供援助,穩(wěn)住了陣腳,促進了戰(zhàn)后經(jīng)濟復(fù)蘇。隨著冷戰(zhàn)的擴展和深入,美蘇冷戰(zhàn)的對抗不斷加劇,對抗形式也由政治和經(jīng)濟擴展到軍事領(lǐng)域,國家安全戰(zhàn)略的軍事色彩逐步加強。1950年4月NSC68號文件的出臺,標(biāo)志著遏制戰(zhàn)略的全面形成。這一階段美國對外援助項目的重點逐步由經(jīng)濟援助轉(zhuǎn)向軍事援助;地理重點也從西歐擴展到世界其他地區(qū);同時,杜魯門政府時期通過國內(nèi)立法的方式使對外援助開始走上法制化、正規(guī)化的道路。 第二部分,艾森豪威爾政府“大平衡”觀念下的對外援助。艾森豪威爾第一任期內(nèi),推崇“大平衡”觀念,注重軍事和貿(mào)易手段,對外援助的地位有所下降。到了第二任期,在面臨蘇聯(lián)的“經(jīng)濟攻勢”和第三世界國家日益增長的影響力的情況下,對外援助又重新得到艾森豪威爾政府的重視�？傮w說來,艾森豪威爾時期美國的對外援助經(jīng)歷了一個由漠視到重視的過程。這說明對外援助作為冷戰(zhàn)時期遏制戰(zhàn)略的一個重要工具,有其不可替代的特殊作用;同時,也表明美國的對外援助政策很大程度上受美國總體國家戰(zhàn)略的調(diào)整和領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人的執(zhí)政理念的影響。 第三部分,肯尼迪、約翰遜政府階段的美國對外援助經(jīng)歷了大發(fā)展,也面臨著大轉(zhuǎn)折。肯尼迪強調(diào)“以糧食換和平”計劃的政治意義,創(chuàng)立“和平隊”,建立“爭取進步同盟”和制定《1961年對外援助法》積極推進對外援助,特別是加強針對第三世界國家的發(fā)展援助。這一時期,美國確立了外援的長遠目標(biāo),開始與盟國和國際組織共同分擔(dān)援助。對外援助取得了良好的效果,增強了美國的軟實力。約翰遜總統(tǒng)雖然繼承了前任的政策,但此時的美國逐漸陷入越戰(zhàn),肯尼迪提出的“理想主義”式的對外援助初現(xiàn)疲態(tài),美國的對外援助同國家戰(zhàn)略一樣,走到了十字路口。 第四部分,尼克松時期,對外援助在困境中的調(diào)整和發(fā)展,但同時也暴露出此時對外援助政策實施所面臨的重重制約。根據(jù)國際關(guān)系格局的總體判斷和自身實力水平的考量,尼克松政府對外援做出了諸多調(diào)整,強調(diào)有所為有所不為,戰(zhàn)略資源應(yīng)當(dāng)“節(jié)流”與“開源”并舉,提出了以人道主義援助為代表的對外援助的“新方向”。 本文的結(jié)論部分概括敘述了1947-1974年間美國的對外援助,認(rèn)為美國對外援助是遏制戰(zhàn)略的一部分,是配合美國對外通過軍事威懾、勢力范圍爭奪、地緣政治斗爭等強制手段的一種柔性手段。對外援助隨著美國國家戰(zhàn)略的調(diào)整而變化,并且在冷戰(zhàn)后得以延續(xù)。雖然美國的對外援助客觀上也為第三世界的發(fā)展做出了一定的貢獻,但是美國對外援助的支出總量與其他手段相比十分有限,美國對外戰(zhàn)略或政策的本質(zhì)并不是利他主義,對外援助更多的是一種戰(zhàn)略工具。
[Abstract]:The containment strategy is at the heart of the U.S . national security strategy during the cold war . Around this overall strategy , in order to contain the Soviet Union and achieve the victory of the Cold War , successive U.S . administrations in the cold war have adopted a variety of policies . Among them , foreign aid has played an important and unique role .



Based on the analysis of U.S . government ' s decrypted literature , this paper analyzes the history of U.S . foreign aid in 1947 - 1974 , uses historical analysis , policy analysis and data analysis , and tries to analyze how the United States will implement aid policy as an important part of the containment strategy by looking at the changes in U.S . foreign aid in various stages of the Cold War and the change and trend of foreign aid policies .



In addition to the preface and conclusion , the text part mainly includes four aspects .



The introduction part mainly describes the origin , the basic situation of the research field and the academic value and practical significance of the research .



At the beginning of the Cold War , in order to prevent the expansion of the Soviet communism , the United States provided assistance to Western Europe and promoted the post - war economic recovery . With the expansion and deepening of the cold war , the confrontation between the U.S . and the Soviet cold war has been intensified . With the expansion and deepening of the Cold War , the military color of the national security strategy has been gradually strengthened .



In the second term , foreign aid under the concept of " big - balance " by the government of the country , under the influence of the Soviet Union ' s " economic offensive " and the growing influence of the third world , has experienced a process of indifference to foreign aid . In general , the foreign aid of the United States in the era of the Soviet Union has experienced a process of indifference to the importance . It also shows that foreign aid is a key tool in the containment strategy of the cold war period and has its irreplaceable special role ; it also shows that the foreign aid policy of the United States is largely influenced by the adjustment of the overall U.S . national strategy and the governing concept of the leaders .



In the third part , the U.S . foreign aid at the Kennedy and Johnson administration stages has undergone great development and faces a turning point . Kennedy stressed the political significance of the " Food for Peace " program , the creation of the " Peace Corps " , the establishment of the " Alliance for Progress " and the development of the 1961 External Assistance Act . The United States has established a long - term goal of foreign aid and has begun to share aid with the allies and international organizations . Foreign aid has gained good results and has strengthened the U.S . soft power .



The fourth part , Nixon ' s period , the adjustment and development of foreign aid in the predicament , but also exposed the heavy constraints faced by the implementation of foreign aid policy at this time . According to the overall judgment of international relations pattern and the consideration of its own strength level , Nixon administration has made many adjustments to foreign aid , emphasizing that the strategic resource should be " throttled " and " open source " and put forward the " new direction " of foreign aid represented by humanitarian assistance .



The conclusion part of this paper outlines the U.S . foreign aid in 1947 - 1974 . The U.S . foreign aid is part of the containment strategy . It is a kind of flexible means to cooperate with the U.S . foreign aid through military deterrence , scope of influence and geopolitical struggle . Although the U.S . foreign aid is objective and has made a certain contribution to the development of the third world , the total expenditure of U.S . foreign aid is very limited compared with other means , and the nature of the U.S . foreign strategy or policy is not egoism and foreign aid is a strategic tool .

【學(xué)位授予單位】：上海社會科學(xué)院
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2009
【分類號】：K712.54

【引證文獻】

相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前1條

1 何良;論冷戰(zhàn)時期美國的對外援助行為[D];南昌大學(xué);2012年

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本文編號：1886041