本文選題：羅伯斯庇爾 + 法制��； 參考：《山東大學(xué)》2011年碩士論文

【摘要】：1789年法國大革命爆發(fā)之前,羅伯斯庇爾參加了三級會議。他當(dāng)時作為阿勒斯的一名律師,尊崇法律的社會權(quán)威,并主張通過制定公正法律,維護(hù)社會公平正義,尋求建立君主立憲制政體。但在1793年,雅各賓派執(zhí)掌政權(quán)的之后,作為領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人的羅伯斯庇爾卻發(fā)動了震驚世界的恐怖統(tǒng)治,法律權(quán)威被徹底踐踏。在羅伯斯庇爾對從支持法制到實(shí)施恐怖政治的轉(zhuǎn)變過程中,當(dāng)時的派系關(guān)系、政治形勢及羅伯斯庇爾個人思想均發(fā)揮了重要的作用。本文將分三個部分,對這一轉(zhuǎn)變的原因進(jìn)行論述。 第一章主要論述了羅伯斯庇爾在執(zhí)政后面臨的政治派別斗爭。當(dāng)時倒臺的吉倫特派、雅各賓派內(nèi)部的不同派別和保王黨派都以不同方式對當(dāng)政的雅各賓派發(fā)起了進(jìn)攻。同時吉倫特派和保王黨派的斗爭已經(jīng)脫離了合法斗爭范圍,不斷發(fā)動社會叛亂和暴動,直接威脅到雅各賓派的統(tǒng)治。用合法手段已不可能控制形勢的發(fā)展,必須采取更為有效的措施快速控制局面。因此,最初堅(jiān)持法制的羅伯斯庇爾選擇用暴力來維護(hù)統(tǒng)治地位,穩(wěn)定政治局面,最終實(shí)現(xiàn)全民平等的政治理想。 第二章分析了當(dāng)時的政治形勢。盡管當(dāng)時法國在1791年和1793年分別頒布了兩部憲法,但由于政權(quán)更迭頻繁,都沒有付諸實(shí)行,法律在社會沒有發(fā)揮太大影響力。法國當(dāng)時具有集權(quán)制的傳統(tǒng),大革命盡管摧毀了法國的專制制度,但卻沒有依照法律建立起三權(quán)分立的制衡機(jī)制,因此雅各賓派統(tǒng)治時期國內(nèi)一切事務(wù)都由救國委員會解決,這無疑為羅伯斯庇爾及其所代表的雅各賓派發(fā)動恐怖統(tǒng)治提供了實(shí)施條件。與此同時,法國革命進(jìn)程中,一直存在著恐怖、暴力的傳統(tǒng),是革命斗爭的突出形式,對羅伯斯庇爾產(chǎn)生了深刻的影響。而國王審判案,更堅(jiān)定了羅伯斯庇爾運(yùn)用暴力打擊敵人,實(shí)現(xiàn)革命理想的決心。 第三章追溯了羅伯斯庇爾的政治思想。當(dāng)時的法國社會各階層之間,以及階層內(nèi)的不同成分之間的矛盾極為尖銳。第三等級在社會中沒有地位,其中某些社會成分處境艱難,加上盧梭人民主權(quán)思想的深刻影響,讓羅伯斯庇爾產(chǎn)生了變革社會的決心,也促成了其對未來法國全民平等的政治設(shè)想。而當(dāng)時的法國,社會成分極為復(fù)雜,每個社會階層的利益訴求各不形同,這給羅伯斯庇爾全民平等的政治理想造成了巨大阻力。法國集權(quán)制仍有著深刻的社會影響,因此當(dāng)合法手段無法實(shí)現(xiàn)其政治理想的時候,集權(quán)制下的恐怖政治成為他的最終選擇。 第四章論述了羅伯斯庇爾法制思想轉(zhuǎn)變的過程。最初的法制手段,執(zhí)政后的恐怖手段,都是羅伯斯庇爾實(shí)現(xiàn)其政治理想的手段。在革命發(fā)展的進(jìn)程中,包括羅伯斯庇爾執(zhí)政之前,恐怖和暴力手段一直貫穿其中,并在幾個關(guān)鍵時期發(fā)揮了積極作用,這讓的羅伯斯庇爾一步步放棄了對法制的堅(jiān)持,依據(jù)當(dāng)時的革命形勢,選擇了短期內(nèi)最有效的暴力手段來實(shí)現(xiàn)人民平等、自由的政治理想。
[Abstract]:Before the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789, Robespierre took part in the three level meeting. As a lawyer of Allers, he respected the social authority of the law and advocated the establishment of a constitutional monarchy by making fair laws, maintaining social justice and justice. But in 1793, after the holding of political power by James, the leader was the leader. Robespierre launched a horror rule that shocked the world, and the authority of the law was trampled completely. In the course of Robespierre's transformation from supporting the legal system to the implementation of the terror politics, the factional relations, political situation and Robespierre's personal thoughts were all played important roles in the process. This article will be divided into three parts, the original of this transformation. As a result of the discussion.
The first chapter mainly discusses the political factions struggle that Robespierre faces after being in power. It is impossible to control the development of the situation by legal means. It is necessary to take more effective measures to control the situation quickly. Therefore, Robespierre, who initially adhered to the legal system, chose to maintain the dominant position with violence, stabilize the political situation, and finally realize the political principle of equality of the whole people. Think.
The second chapter analyzed the political situation at that time. Although France promulgated two constitutions in 1791 and 1793, the law had not been put into practice because of the frequent change of power. The law did not exert too much influence in society. According to the law, the system of balance between the three powers was established, so all the domestic affairs were solved by the national salvation Committee during the period of the rule of James, which undoubtedly provided the conditions for the implementation of the terrorist rule by Robespierre and his representative. At the same time, in the French Revolution, the tradition of terror and violence was the tradition of revolution. The prominent form of the struggle of life had a profound influence on Robespierre, and the king's trial was more determined by the determination of Robespierre to use violence to combat the enemy and achieve the ideal of the revolution.
The third chapter traces back to the political thought of Robespierre. The contradiction between the various classes of the French society and the different components of the class was extremely sharp. The third rank had no status in society. Some of the social elements were difficult, and the profound influence of the thought of the sovereignty of the people of Rousseau led Robespierre to change. The determination of the society also contributed to its political vision for the equality of the whole people in France in the future. In France at that time, the social composition of the society was very complex, and the interests of every social class were different, which caused great resistance to Robespierre's political ideal for equality for all. The French centralism still had a profound social influence and therefore was a legal hand. In the absence of political ideals, totalitarian terrorism became his ultimate choice.
The fourth chapter expounds the process of the transformation of Robespierre's legal ideology. The initial legal means and the terrorist means after being in power are the means for Robespierre to realize his political ideal. In the course of the development of the revolution, before Robespierre is in power, the means of terror and violence run through them, and they have accumulated in several critical periods. As a result, Robespierre gave up his insistence on the legal system step by step, and chose the most effective means of violence in the short term to achieve the political ideals of equality and freedom, according to the revolutionary situation at that time.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：K565.45

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