本文選題：韓國憲政 + 九次修憲　； 參考：《延邊大學(xué)》2009年博士論文

【摘要】：朝鮮半島被美、蘇分裂后,美國軍政府在朝鮮半島南部地區(qū)保留了日本殖民統(tǒng)治時(shí)期的法律和條例,并依靠右翼和親美勢(shì)力制定了韓國第一部憲法。這部憲法雖然在一定程度上堅(jiān)持了民族主義精神,但在政治制度上卻是模仿了歐美憲法,是一部“混血”式的憲法。六十余年間,九次修改憲法,使韓國終于踏上了民主化的軌道。韓國憲法修改頻率之高,內(nèi)容變化之多,對(duì)政局的影響之深,在世界憲政史上實(shí)屬罕見。 韓國的憲政大致經(jīng)歷了如下歷程:“5·10”總選和建國憲法的制定:“6·25”戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)與3年非常戒嚴(yán);“拔萃憲法”的通過與兩院制國會(huì)的開始;“3·15”違法選舉與“4·19”民眾抗?fàn)?執(zhí)政黨的分裂與張勉內(nèi)閣政黨政治的失敗:“5·16”軍事政變與《國家再建非常措施法》的實(shí)施;“10·17”非常措施的公布與維新憲法的確立;樸正熙被刺與全斗煥的軍事政變;“6·10”民眾抗?fàn)幣c朝野合議的修憲;政權(quán)和平交替與后續(xù)政府的改革。 韓國憲政史經(jīng)歷了復(fù)雜曲折的發(fā)展過程。韓國九次修憲期間,國民在多次抗?fàn)幹?取得了兩次勝利;3次軍事政變,3次中止原憲法:國會(huì)3次被強(qiáng)行解散;7次間選和10次直選選出10人為17屆總統(tǒng),其中1人亡命海外,1人被刺身亡,2人被判處無期徒刑,1人被彈劾;國會(huì)院制由一院制到兩院制最終被確定為一院制;13次宣布戒嚴(yán),時(shí)間長達(dá)1 825天:軍事政變當(dāng)局違憲過渡機(jī)構(gòu)存續(xù)1 234天,處理2 121件議案,制定或修訂了1 467部法律。 在九次修憲中,有三次修憲使得韓國政體發(fā)生重大變化:第四次修憲改總統(tǒng)制為議院內(nèi)閣制,第五次修憲將議院內(nèi)閣制重新改為總統(tǒng)制,第九次修憲又將總統(tǒng)中心制改為權(quán)力分立、權(quán)力制衡的政體,為建立民主政治體制提供了法律保障;九次修憲中,前三次修憲案由國會(huì)通過,后六次修憲案則是由國民投票通過的:九次修憲中,有兩次屬正常修改,即第四次和第九次修憲。一次修憲程序不夠完整,即第三次修憲違背修憲程序,實(shí)際上是執(zhí)政的民主黨一個(gè)政黨的修憲。其余六次修憲的目的都不純正,第一次、第二次、第六次、第七次修憲的目的是為了總統(tǒng)連任。第五次、第八次修憲的目的是軍部勢(shì)力為奪取最高權(quán)力;多次修憲案的起草過程、通過環(huán)境存在很多問題,第一次、第四次、第七次、第八次修憲案是在戒嚴(yán)狀態(tài)中通過的,第一次、第二次、第六次修憲是在執(zhí)政黨或總統(tǒng)采取違憲手段的情況下才得以通過的,這類修憲嚴(yán)重阻礙了民主政治的發(fā)展,在韓國憲政史上留下了很不光彩的印跡。 韓國憲政史呈現(xiàn)的特點(diǎn)是:修憲權(quán)幾乎都被總統(tǒng)或者執(zhí)政黨掌控,修憲的焦點(diǎn)基本集中在總統(tǒng)連任和總統(tǒng)選舉方式上,國民投票充當(dāng)了總統(tǒng)連任和新政冶勢(shì)力將奪取的政權(quán)加以正當(dāng)化的工具。 縱觀韓國九次修憲和政治制度變遷的歷程,可以得出如下結(jié)論:民主政治在九次修憲中艱難曲折地向前發(fā)展,民眾的抗?fàn)幋龠M(jìn)了權(quán)威主義獨(dú)裁統(tǒng)治的垮臺(tái)與政治民主的轉(zhuǎn)型。不正當(dāng)?shù)男迲棸竿ㄟ^環(huán)境,由違憲過渡機(jī)構(gòu)通過修憲案,都侵害了國家立法權(quán),貽誤了民主政治轉(zhuǎn)型。行政與立法關(guān)系的錯(cuò)位、有名無實(shí)的憲法監(jiān)督機(jī)構(gòu)和司法審查的地位、權(quán)威主義獨(dú)裁統(tǒng)治的橫行,同樣耽擱了民主的發(fā)展。韓國修憲和政治制度的變遷歷程,不僅給韓國憲政史留下了寶貴的經(jīng)驗(yàn)與教訓(xùn),也為世界憲政發(fā)展史貢獻(xiàn)了寶貴的實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)與教訓(xùn)。 總之,在世界民主化運(yùn)動(dòng)潮流的影響和國民抗?fàn)幍耐苿?dòng)下,隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)的發(fā)展、開放的深入和文化的提升,韓國實(shí)現(xiàn)了從權(quán)威主義政治到民主政治的轉(zhuǎn)型。在后期政府的政治改革中,民主化不斷得到了鞏固和發(fā)展,但仍然存在著總統(tǒng)與國會(huì)權(quán)力失衡、政黨政治制度不夠成熟等問題亟待解決。
[Abstract]:After the Korean Peninsula was divided by the United States and the Soviet Union, the American military government retained the laws and regulations of the period of Japanese colonial rule in the south of the Korean Peninsula, and made the first constitution of Korea by the right wing and the pro american forces. This constitution, to some extent, adhered to the spirit of nationalism, but in the political system it imitated the European and American Constitution. It is a "mixed blood" constitution. In more than 60 years, the constitution has been amended nine times. South Korea has finally embarked on the track of democratization. The high frequency of the revision of the Korean constitution, the change of the content and the deep influence of the political situation are rare in the history of the world constitutionalism.
South Korea's constitutionalism experienced the following course: "5. 10" general election and the constitution of the founding of the people's Republic of China: "6. 25" war and 3 years of strict martial law; the adoption of "the constitution" and the beginning of the bicameral Congress; the "3 15" illegal elections and the "4 19" people: the division of the ruling party and the failure of Zhang Mian's political party politics: "5 16" military. The implementation of the coup and the law of the national reconstruction; the promulgation of the "10 / 17" measures and the establishment of the constitutional reform; the military coup of Pu Zhengxi's assassination and full fighting; the "6 10" people's opposition to the constitutional amendment to the country; the alternation of political power and the reform of the subsequent government.
South Korea's constitutional history has experienced a complicated and complicated process of development. During the period of the Korean Constitutional Amendment, the nationals achieved two victories in several times of resistance; the 3 military coup and the 3 suspension of the original Constitution: the Congress was disbanded 3 times; the 7 election and the 10 direct election of 10 people were elected for 17 presidents, 1 of them were dead overseas, 1 was killed and 2 sentenced to the apostles. Punishment, 1 people were impeached; the congress system from one court system to the bicameral system was eventually identified as the one house system; the 13 was declared martial law for up to 1825 days: the military coup authorities continued for 1234 days of unconstitutional transitional institutions, handled 2121 bills, formulated or revised 1467 laws.
In the nine constitutional amendment, there were three constitutional amendments to the major changes in the Korean regime: the fourth constitutional amendment to the president system was the cabinet system of the house, the Fifth Amendment of the constitution changed the cabinet system of the house to the presidential system, the Ninth Amendment of the constitution changed the central system of the president to the separation of power, and the political system of balance of power provided the legal guarantee for the establishment of the democratic political system; In the nine constitutional amendment, the first three constitutional cases were passed by Congress and the latter six constitutional amendments were passed by the national vote: in the nine constitutional amendment, there were two normal revisions, namely, the fourth and ninth constitutional amendments. One constitutional amendment was not complete, that is, the third constitutional amendment violated the constitutional procedure. In fact, the remainder was the constitutional amendment of the ruling party of the Democratic Party. The purpose of the six constitutional amendment was not pure, the first, the second, the sixth and the seventh constitutional purposes were for the presidency. Fifth, the eighth constitutional purpose was the military force to seize the highest power; the drafting process of the amendment to the constitution had many questions through the environment, the first, fourth, seventh, and eighth constitutional cases were at the end of the constitution. In the state of martial law, the first, second and sixth constitutional amendments were passed in the case of unconstitutional means by the ruling party or the president. This kind of constitutional amendment seriously hindered the development of democracy and left a very dishonorable mark in the history of constitutional government in Korea.
The characteristics of the history of constitutional government in Korea are that the constitutional right is almost all controlled by the president or the ruling party. The focus of the constitutional amendment is mainly in the way of the presidency and the presidential election, and the national vote serves as a tool for the reappointment of the presidency and the political power that the new political power will seize.
In the course of the changes of the Korean constitution and the changes of the political system, we can draw the following conclusions: the democratic politics, in the nine constitutional amendment, developed hard and zigzag, and the resistance of the people promoted the collapse of authoritarian dictatorship and the transformation of political democracy. The legislative power of the state has been harmful to the democratic political transformation. The dislocation of the relationship between the administration and the legislature, the position of the infamous constitutional supervision and judicial review, the rule of authoritarian dictatorship, also delayed the development of democracy. The course of the change of the constitutional and political system in Korea has left valuable experience to the constitutional history of Korea. The lesson also contributed valuable experience and lessons for the history of constitutional development in the world.
In a word, under the influence of the trend of the world democratization movement and the national resistance, with the development of the economy, the opening and the promotion of culture, Korea has realized the transformation from the authoritarianism to the democratic politics. In the political reform of the late government, the democracy has been consolidated and developed, but the president and the president still exist. The imbalance of parliamentary power and the lack of political party system are urgent problems.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：延邊大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2009
【分類號(hào)】：K312.6

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