克萊與美國對德政策的制定和實施(1945-1948)
本文選題:克萊 + 美國對德政策; 參考:《華東師范大學》2012年碩士論文
【摘要】:二戰(zhàn)后,美國對德政策經(jīng)歷了從嚴厲到溫和,再到重建與扶植的轉變。這個轉變的根源是美國國家利益與國際形勢的變化,但是這一轉變在美國決策層的發(fā)生及其對戰(zhàn)后德國的影響,都離不開美占區(qū)軍事長官克萊的推動。由于克萊在美占區(qū)負責軍事政府事宜,所以他對于占領區(qū)的實際情況和盟國管制委員會中的爭論最為熟悉,也因此成為美國決策層的情報員,深得貝爾納斯和馬歇爾等人的信任,并為他們主導制定的對德政策出謀劃策,甚至是建議和修改。從JCS1067到斯圖加特演說,再到JCS1779及貨幣改革和馬歇爾計劃的實施,這些政策和決定都少不了克萊的作用。 由于占領初期美國決策層內部的意見分歧,以及占領工作面臨的實際情況不斷變化的原因,美國政府始終缺少一套穩(wěn)定和持久的對德政策。這一方面造成美國對德政策的不確定性,另一方面也給占領區(qū)軍事長官留下了較大的自主空問。換言之,克萊可以在不違反既定占領法規(guī)的前提下,按照自己的意愿解釋和實施某些政策,控制對德改造的實施過程。實際上,無論是嚴厲的JCS1067,還是四國一致難以達成的波茨坦公告,都沒能束縛住克萊的手腳?巳R一邊重建德國的民主政治,一邊恢復德國的生產(chǎn)與貿(mào)易,將更多的權力轉交到德國人手中,要求德國人建立對自己負責的政府。為了盡早實現(xiàn)德國在經(jīng)濟上的自給,他提出并實現(xiàn)了工業(yè)水平計劃的修改、拆卸計劃的中止、雙占區(qū)的合并,并在此基礎上推動實施貨幣改革,促成整個西占區(qū)的聯(lián)合,為迎接馬歇爾計劃鋪平了道路。當柏林危機發(fā)生時,克萊力主空運支援柏林,并成功組織了維持西柏林250萬市民日常供給的空運,為美國贏得外交優(yōu)勢。 總之,無論是戰(zhàn)后美國對德政策的制定還是其實施,克萊都在其中發(fā)揮著舉足輕重的作用。
[Abstract]:After World War II, American policy towards Germany underwent a transformation from severe to moderate, then to reconstruction and support. The root of this change is the change in the national interests of the United States and the changes in the international situation. However, the emergence of this change at the decision-making level in the United States and its impact on postwar Germany can not be separated from the push of Clay, the military commander of the United States occupation region. Since Clay is responsible for military affairs in the occupied areas of the United States, he is most familiar with the actual situation in the occupied territories and the debates in the Allied Control Committee. As a result, he became an intelligence agent at the decision-making level in the United States. He was trusted by Berners and Marshall, and advised, even suggested, and modified the policies they led. From JCS1067 to Stuttgart, to the JCS1779 and the implementation of currency reform and the Marshall Plan, these policies and decisions were not without Clay's role. Due to the differences of opinion within the decision-making circles in the early days of the occupation and the changing reality of the occupation, the United States government has always lacked a stable and lasting policy towards Germany. On the one hand, the uncertainty of US policy towards Germany, on the other hand, left the occupied military commander with a larger independent air question. In other words, Clay could explain and implement certain policies according to his own wishes, and control the implementation of the German transformation without violating the established occupation laws. Indeed, neither the tough JCS 1067 nor the hard-to-reach Potsdam announcement had tied Clay's hands and feet. While rebuilding German democracy, Clay restored German production and trade, transferred more power to the Germans and demanded that the Germans establish a government that was accountable to them. In order to realize Germany's economic self-sufficiency as soon as possible, he proposed and realized the revision of the industrial level plan, the suspension of the demolition plan, the merger of the dual occupation areas, and on this basis promoted the implementation of currency reform and led to the union of the entire Western occupation area. It paved the way for the Marshall Plan. When the Berlin crisis broke out, Clay supported Berlin by air and successfully organized an airlift to maintain the daily supply of 2.5 million people in West Berlin, thus winning a diplomatic advantage for the United States. In short, Clay played an important role in the formulation and implementation of postwar American policy on Germany.
【學位授予單位】:華東師范大學
【學位級別】:碩士
【學位授予年份】:2012
【分類號】:D871.2;K153
【參考文獻】
相關期刊論文 前10條
1 徐煜;美國與戰(zhàn)后初期西歐聯(lián)合思想的發(fā)展[J];湖北師范學院學報(哲學社會科學版);1999年01期
2 劉娟;二戰(zhàn)結束前后美國對德國政策探析[J];湖北大學學報(哲學社會科學版);2005年02期
3 林勇軍;美國的對德政策和德國的分裂[J];世界歷史;1983年05期
4 郭尚鑫;論美國對戰(zhàn)后德國的處置[J];江西師范大學學報;1995年03期
5 遲萍萍,李海龍;近年來我國史學界關于“馬歇爾計劃”研究綜述[J];歷史教學;2003年08期
6 楊捷;;美蘇對德政策與第一次柏林危機的緣起[J];南昌大學學報(人文社會科學版);2010年03期
7 李昀;;英美史學界關于馬歇爾計劃的研究[J];世界歷史;2010年04期
8 林勇軍;第一次柏林危機初探[J];史林;1987年01期
9 李嬌嬌;;二戰(zhàn)后美蘇對德國管制上的分歧及其影響[J];首都師范大學學報(社會科學版);2010年S1期
10 劉光耀;;西德1948年的貨幣和經(jīng)濟改革[J];外交學院學報;1992年01期
相關博士學位論文 前1條
1 苑爽;兩次世界大戰(zhàn)后美國處理德國戰(zhàn)爭賠償問題的政策演變[D];華東師范大學;2008年
相關碩士學位論文 前2條
1 楊永鋒;二戰(zhàn)結束前后美國對德國政策的演變[D];西北師范大學;2007年
2 蔣坷;從“道威斯計劃”到“馬歇爾計劃”[D];蘇州大學;2007年
,本文編號:1836633
本文鏈接:http://sikaile.net/shekelunwen/xifanglishiwenhua/1836633.html