本文選題：中世紀(jì) + 城堡　； 參考：《河北師范大學(xué)》2011年碩士論文

【摘要】：城堡是中世紀(jì)西歐歷史的一種重要的現(xiàn)象,是理解西歐中世紀(jì)歷史的一把鑰匙。中世紀(jì)城堡,主要是指九世紀(jì)出現(xiàn)的土崗—城廓式城堡及以后的磚石結(jié)構(gòu)城堡。公元9世紀(jì)是城堡建造的大發(fā)展時(shí)期,也是城堡建筑史上新的歷史階段,其中最重要的標(biāo)志是土木結(jié)構(gòu)的城堡被石頭結(jié)構(gòu)的城堡所代替,城堡的圍墻和城堡中核心性建筑——塔樓等重要部分都用石料砌成。石頭取代木頭作為主要材料后,城堡的規(guī)模、結(jié)構(gòu)和形狀都隨之發(fā)生變化。城堡的結(jié)構(gòu)變化都是為了適應(yīng)軍事變化,都是為了提高城堡防御能力,城堡的結(jié)構(gòu)變化說明城堡的功能主要是軍事功能。城堡產(chǎn)生的軍事背景主要是以下幾個(gè)方面:城堡是軍隊(duì)的主要指揮中心,同時(shí)也是貴族們賴以控制其周邊地區(qū)的要塞,作為入侵者的君主或軍隊(duì)如果不能首先占領(lǐng)那里的城堡,就不可能征服一個(gè)地區(qū)并對(duì)其實(shí)行統(tǒng)治;歐洲中世紀(jì)時(shí)期大小戰(zhàn)爭頻繁,由于當(dāng)時(shí)軍事技術(shù)落后,建立城堡是戰(zhàn)爭中最可靠的防御方式;中世紀(jì)時(shí)西歐面臨來自四面八方的侵略者,國內(nèi)各個(gè)王室之間、王室與地方貴族之間、地方貴族相互之間為了爭奪領(lǐng)土和勢力范圍戰(zhàn)爭不斷。城堡以精致的防御設(shè)施出名,中世紀(jì)的大部分戰(zhàn)爭都是圍繞城堡展開。中世紀(jì)以前的戰(zhàn)爭,大多是在平面上的對(duì)抗。中世紀(jì)初期,戰(zhàn)爭從平面的對(duì)抗變?yōu)榱Ⅲw對(duì)抗。于是,城堡的外墻從最初的木質(zhì)柵欄變?yōu)橥潦?越來越厚重且高大起來,從單純防備變?yōu)榉朗刂械倪M(jìn)攻。城堡最輝煌的時(shí)期就是其攻防作用發(fā)揮最充分的時(shí)期,也是當(dāng)時(shí)該地區(qū)居民最依賴它的時(shí)期。從10世紀(jì)到13世紀(jì)城堡功能是充當(dāng)軍事機(jī)器,但在14和15世紀(jì),城堡的作用幾乎完全改變,他們被供火炮使用的堡壘取代。城堡的發(fā)展史是西方軍事發(fā)展史的重要組成部分,城堡的發(fā)展帶動(dòng)了攻城武器的發(fā)展,城堡的發(fā)展顯示了西方軍事思想的繼承性,城堡的發(fā)展也為西方侵略東方打下了堅(jiān)實(shí)基礎(chǔ),為西方稱霸世界奠定了基礎(chǔ)。作戰(zhàn)中最具決定性的優(yōu)勢在于彌補(bǔ)劣勢的能力,西方武裝力量通�？偸窃诟蟪潭壬弦蕾囉谟眉夹g(shù)上的先進(jìn)來彌補(bǔ)劣勢,西方正是用城堡來彌補(bǔ)兵力的不足。技術(shù)的革新以及同等重要的對(duì)這種革新的迅速反應(yīng)能力,很快便成了西方軍事文化的特性。防御系統(tǒng)主要由大門、外堡、墻、城垛、突廊、箭垛、護(hù)城河、壕溝、吊橋、塔樓、主樓、組成,作為一個(gè)整體運(yùn)作,組成城堡的防御系統(tǒng)。城堡進(jìn)行防御的武器有許多種,主要是巨石、箭鏃、希臘火、掛鉤、滾燙的溶液等。攻城的裝備除了簡單的云梯之外,最常被使用的攻城裝備,包括巨型投石機(jī)、投石機(jī)、攻城塔、撞沖車和大盾牌。城堡是防務(wù)設(shè)施,其作用在于防衛(wèi),同時(shí)對(duì)敵方形成一定的威懾。積極的防衛(wèi)者會(huì)尋找機(jī)會(huì)從城堡沖出,突襲攻城的軍隊(duì)�？焖俚耐灰u主要可燒毀城墻下的攻城塔或投石機(jī),以拖延攻城的進(jìn)度并打擊攻城者的士氣。城堡還可以起到退守的功能,以退為進(jìn)。戰(zhàn)敗的軍隊(duì)可暫避于城堡城墻之內(nèi),為等待援軍爭取了寶貴時(shí)間,為轉(zhuǎn)敗為勝打下基礎(chǔ)。城堡具有進(jìn)攻功能,城堡可以作為進(jìn)攻基地,城堡還可以保衛(wèi)勝利成果,城堡是戰(zhàn)爭中前進(jìn)的堡壘,是實(shí)施層層推進(jìn)戰(zhàn)略的重要工具。城堡在英國乃至歐洲戰(zhàn)爭中起著很大的作用,維護(hù)了一方平安;同時(shí),城堡也成為各級(jí)封建領(lǐng)主與中央對(duì)抗的資本,成為統(tǒng)一民族國家的障礙。城堡戰(zhàn)爭促進(jìn)了西歐國際關(guān)系的發(fā)展。城堡對(duì)我們的防御思想有重大啟示:戰(zhàn)爭的歷史就是防守者與進(jìn)攻者之間持久競爭引起的軍事技術(shù)不斷變化的過程,軍事堡壘的建造促使用于圍攻堡壘的新設(shè)備很快發(fā)明,新技術(shù)很快產(chǎn)生。防御的目的是保護(hù)自己,如何更好的保護(hù)自己?防御必須大力發(fā)展防御武器和進(jìn)攻武器,在防御的同時(shí)必須實(shí)施反擊、反攻或進(jìn)攻,必須迅速挫敗敵人進(jìn)攻。反擊是防御的重要組成部分,所以防御既要發(fā)展防御武器,更要發(fā)展進(jìn)攻武器。一個(gè)國家只有對(duì)其他國家形成威懾力,才能具有防御能力,這也是現(xiàn)代軍事競賽的根源之一。城堡對(duì)西方的影響是深遠(yuǎn)的,城堡成為西方文化的一朵奇葩。
[Abstract]:The castle is an important phenomenon in the history of the Medieval Western Europe and a key to the understanding of the medieval history of Western Europe. The medieval castle, mainly refers to the hillock castle castle and the later Masonry Structure Castle, which appeared in the ninth Century. It was the great development period of the castle construction in the year of ninth Century and the new historical stage in the history of the castle architecture. The most important sign is that the Civil Structure Castle is replaced by a stone structure castle. The walls of the castle and the core buildings in the castle, such as the tower building, are made of stone. After the stone is replaced by the wood as the main material, the size, structure, and shape of the castle are all changed. The structure of the castle is designed to adapt to the army. The castle is mainly a military command. The castle is the main command center of the army and a fortress on which the aristocrats control the surrounding area, as the monarch or army of the invaders. It was impossible to conquer a castle in the first place, and it would not be possible to conquer a region and rule it; in the middle ages of Europe, the size of the war was frequent, and the establishment of a castle was the most reliable defense in the war. In the middle ages, Western Europe faced the invaders from four eight parties, the royal families, the royal family and the royal family. Between the local aristocracy, the local aristocracy fought against each other for territorial and sphere of influence. The castle was famous for its delicate defence and most of the medieval wars were around the castle. The war before the Middle Ages was mostly on the plane. In the early Middle Ages, the war changed from plane confrontation into stereoscopic confrontation. The wall of the castle turned from the original wooden fence to the earth, more and more heavy and tall, from the simple defense to the defensive attack. The most glorious period of the castle was the fullest period of its attack and defence, and the time when the inhabitants of the region were most dependent on it. From tenth Century to thirteenth Century, the castle function was a military machine, But in 14 and fifteenth Century, the role of the castle was almost completely changed. They were replaced by the fortress used by the artillery. The history of the castle was an important part of the history of Western military development. The development of the castle led to the development of the weapons of the city of attack. The development of the castle showed the inheritance of Western military thought and the development of the castle for the West invading the East. It laid a solid foundation for the west to dominate the world. The most decisive advantage of the war lies in the ability to make up for inferiority. The Western armed forces often rely on the advanced technology to make up their disadvantages. The west is using the castle to make up the shortage of the army. The rapid response ability of this innovation quickly became the characteristic of the Western military culture. The defense system mainly consists of the gates, the fort, the walls, the battlements, the arrows, the moat, the trenches, the suspension bridges, the towers, the main buildings, as a whole, the defense system of the castle. The fortifications of the castle have many kinds of weapons, mainly boulders and arrowhead, Greek fire, PEG, hot solution, etc., the most often used equipment of the city of attack in addition to a simple ladder, including a giant staggers, a stone throwing machine, a siege tower, a bump car and a large shield. The castle is a defense facility, its role is to defend the enemy, and to a certain deterrent to the enemy. The active defender will find opportunities from the castle. The fast raids can burn down the city tower or the stone throwing machine under the wall to procrastinate the progress of the city and the morale of the city. The castle can also act as a retreat. The defeated army can stay away from the castle wall for waiting for the waiting for the army. The castle has the offensive function, the castle can be the base of attack, the castle can also defend the victory, the castle is a fortress in the war and an important tool for the implementation of the stratagem. The castle plays a great role in the war in Britain and in Europe, maintaining the peace of one side; and the castle becomes the feudal lords at all levels and the feudal lords at all levels. The capital of the central confrontation has become an obstacle to the unification of the national state. The castle war has promoted the development of the international relations in Western Europe. The castle has a great inspiration to our defense ideology: the history of the war is the continuous change in the military technology caused by the persistent competition between the defenders and the offenders, and the construction of the military fortress is used for the fortress besieged. New equipment is quickly invented, new technology is quickly produced. The purpose of defense is to protect yourself and how to protect yourself better? The defense must vigorously develop the defense and attack weapons. At the same time, the defense must carry out counterattack, counter attack or attack. The enemy must quickly defeat the enemy's attack. Counterattack is an important part of the defense, so defense is both necessary. It is also one of the roots of the modern military competition. The castle has a profound influence on the west, and the castle becomes a wonderful flower of the western culture.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：河北師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號(hào)】：K13

【參考文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)期刊論文 前1條

1 張寶梅;;試論騎士制度對(duì)中世紀(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展的影響[J];忻州師范學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào);2007年06期

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本文編號(hào)：1822762