本文選題：恐怖活動(dòng) + 對(duì)外政策��； 參考：《山東師范大學(xué)》2012年碩士論文

【摘要】：20世紀(jì)70年代是國(guó)際局勢(shì)風(fēng)云變幻的時(shí)代。美蘇兩極依然是國(guó)際政治秩序的主宰。但是，由于美國(guó)受到經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)、越南戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的拖累，以及西歐和日本的興起，使得自身在資本主義世界的霸主地位遭受沖擊。同時(shí)，蘇聯(lián)的進(jìn)攻態(tài)勢(shì)也使得美國(guó)不得不在兩極爭(zhēng)霸中采取守勢(shì)。 1970年又是國(guó)際化深入發(fā)展的一年。經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化，帶動(dòng)了人力、資本等各要素的全球性流動(dòng)，也使得國(guó)際化組織借機(jī)興起。中東地區(qū)的固有激進(jìn)勢(shì)力迅速成長(zhǎng)為國(guó)際性的恐怖組織，并連續(xù)發(fā)動(dòng)恐怖襲擊，對(duì)美國(guó)維持中東地區(qū)的穩(wěn)定的設(shè)計(jì)造成嚴(yán)重?fù)p害。解放巴勒斯坦人民陣線（PFLP）發(fā)動(dòng)的“勞工節(jié)劫機(jī)事件”和巴勒斯坦解放組織（PLO）在約旦發(fā)動(dòng)的“黑九月事件”，嚴(yán)重危害了美國(guó)在這一地區(qū)的利益，也使得美國(guó)的“緩和”政策陷入困境。但是固守傳統(tǒng)的國(guó)與國(guó)外交模式的美國(guó)政府，卻對(duì)恐怖勢(shì)力的興起措手不及，無(wú)法采取直接有效地手段進(jìn)行處理，原先推行的“緩和”政策也備受挑戰(zhàn)。這也更加突出的表明，在國(guó)際舞臺(tái)上，國(guó)際組織的影響日趨明顯，值得民族國(guó)家關(guān)注和重視。 本文首先為導(dǎo)論，第一章為概念界定，，主要講述詞典、各國(guó)官方及學(xué)者關(guān)于“恐怖主義”的各種界定，深入探析恐怖主義的各種特性，并在此基礎(chǔ)上總結(jié)出恐怖主義的基本概念，為本文寫(xiě)作奠定基礎(chǔ)。長(zhǎng)久以來(lái)，世界各國(guó)政府、專家學(xué)者對(duì)恐怖主義都沒(méi)有一個(gè)通用的定義，如何界定恐怖主義不僅是一個(gè)理論問(wèn)題，也對(duì)我們防范及打擊恐怖主義有著積極地現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。通過(guò)解析各種定義，牢牢把握住恐怖主義的本質(zhì)特征，我們將恐怖主義定義為：恐怖主義是指為了制造公眾慌亂、威脅政府當(dāng)局或者國(guó)際組織，而采取暴力手段、破壞行動(dòng)、恐嚇行為或者各種其他方式，意欲造成或造成非戰(zhàn)斗人員（尤其是平民）人員傷亡、重大財(cái)產(chǎn)損失、公共設(shè)施損壞、社會(huì)秩序混亂等嚴(yán)重社會(huì)危害的行為。 第二章主要講述中東恐怖主義興起的原因并簡(jiǎn)單陳述解放巴勒斯坦人民陣線和巴勒斯坦解放組織的主要情況，并探討尼克松政府關(guān)于“緩和”政策的出臺(tái)背景及相關(guān)內(nèi)容。恐怖主義在中東的興起，既有宗教因素，也與中東地區(qū)特殊的地區(qū)因素、經(jīng)濟(jì)因素息息相關(guān)，同時(shí)，美國(guó)在中東地區(qū)推行的偏袒以色列的政策也加劇了恐怖主義的滋生和成長(zhǎng)。 第三章闡述兩起恐怖事件——“勞工節(jié)劫機(jī)事件”和“黑九月事件”對(duì)尼克松政府的“緩和”政策的具體沖擊。在兩起恐怖事件發(fā)生后，美國(guó)政府沒(méi)有意識(shí)到恐怖組織的國(guó)際化特性，反而固守傳統(tǒng)的國(guó)與國(guó)的外交模式，導(dǎo)致美國(guó)在應(yīng)對(duì)恐怖活動(dòng)時(shí)的力不從心。第四章提出本人對(duì)當(dāng)前國(guó)家對(duì)外政策及積極反恐的幾點(diǎn)思考。一方面，應(yīng)重視國(guó)際組織在國(guó)際體系中愈加重要的作用，加強(qiáng)外交政策的明晰化和靈活化；另一方面，也應(yīng)積極推行反恐措施，積極保障我國(guó)地區(qū)安寧和對(duì)外政策的順利實(shí)施，以最大程度的保證國(guó)家利益。
[Abstract]:The 1970s is an era of international situation. The United States and the Soviet Union are still the master of the international political order. However, because of the economic crisis, the drag of the Vietnam War and the rise of Western Europe and Japan, the United States has suffered its hegemony in the capitalist world. Meanwhile, the offensive posture of the Soviet Union has also made the United States We have to take the defensive in the two poles of hegemony.
1970 is another year of international development. Economic globalization has led to the global flow of human and capital elements and the rise of international organizations. The radical forces in the Middle East rapidly grew into an international terrorist organization and launched a terrorist attack continuously, designed to maintain stability in the Middle East in the United States. The "Labor Day hijacking incident" launched by the PFLP and the "black September incident" launched by the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in Jordan seriously harmed the interests of the United States in the region and made the "easing" policy in the United States into trouble. But the traditional mode of national and foreign exchange was firmly adhered to. The United States government, however, is unprepared for the rise of terrorist forces and can not take direct and effective means to deal with it. The original "ease" policy has also been challenged. It is also more prominent that the influence of international organizations is becoming more and more obvious on the international stage, and it deserves the attention and attention of the people of the nation.
The first chapter is the introduction. The first chapter is the definition of the concept, mainly about the dictionary, the official and the scholars of various countries on the definition of "terrorism", in-depth analysis of the various characteristics of terrorism, and on this basis, summed up the basic concept of terrorism, laying the foundation for this writing. For a long time, the governments of the world, experts and scholars Terrorism does not have a general definition. How to define terrorism is not only a theoretical problem, but also a positive and realistic significance to us to prevent and combat terrorism. By analyzing various definitions, we firmly hold the essential characteristics of terrorism, and we define terrorism as the purpose of making the public in order to make the public. Panic, threats to government authorities or international organizations, and the act of violent means, destruction of actions, acts of intimidation or any other means, intended to cause or cause casualties, loss of major property, damage of public facilities, confusion of social order, and other serious social hazards.
The second chapter mainly narrates the causes of the rise of the Middle East terrorism and briefly states the main situation of the liberation of Palestine and the Palestine Liberation Organization, and discusses the background and relevant contents of the Nixon administration on the "ease" policy. The rise of terrorism in the Middle East is not only religious, but also special in the Middle East. Regional factors are closely related to economic factors. Meanwhile, the United States' policy of favouring Israel in the Middle East has intensified the breeding and growth of terrorism.
The third chapter expounds the specific impact of the two terrorist incidents - "the hijacking of Labor Day" and "the event of the black September" on the "Relaxation" policy of the Nixon administration. After the two terrorist incidents, the United States government did not realize the international characteristics of the terrorist organization, but firmly adhered to the diplomatic mode of the national and state, leading to the United States In the fourth chapter, I put forward some thoughts on the current national foreign policy and active counter-terrorism. On the one hand, we should pay more attention to the more important role of international organizations in the international system, strengthen the clarity and flexibility of foreign policy; on the other hand, we should actively carry out counter-terrorism measures and actively guarantee the region of our country. The smooth implementation of tranquility and foreign policy ensures national interests to the greatest extent.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號(hào)】：K153

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