本文選題：大馬士革事件 + 血祭誹謗　； 參考：《南京大學(xué)》2012年碩士論文

【摘要】：19世紀(jì)中期,中東政治形勢動蕩。奧斯曼帝國分崩離析,埃及帕夏穆罕默德·阿里控制了敘利亞地區(qū)。英國、法國、俄國、奧地利、普魯士等西方國家插足中東,試圖建立自己的勢力范圍。大馬士革是敘利亞地區(qū)的一個古老城鎮(zhèn),西方國家都有領(lǐng)事駐扎在此。 1840年2月5日,大馬士革嘉布遣會修士托馬斯和他的穆斯林仆人阿瑪拉神秘失蹤。托馬斯神父是法國的保護(hù)民,因此,案件由敘利亞當(dāng)局和法國領(lǐng)事共同審判。在尋找托馬斯神父的過程中,有謠言傳出：猶太人出于血祭禮儀而殺害了托馬斯神父。謝里夫帕夏和法國領(lǐng)事拉蒂·門頓派出人員搜查猶太區(qū),并逮捕了四名猶太嫌疑犯。在酷刑之下,一名猶太理發(fā)師供認(rèn)了七位當(dāng)?shù)氐莫q太名流,隨即,他們遭到了逮捕。大拉比召開集會,開始自救行動,并向君士坦丁堡的猶太社團(tuán)求救。在第二輪的審訊之后,更多的猶太名流遭到逮捕,整個猶太社團(tuán)處于岌岌可危之中。此為中世紀(jì)在西歐盛行的血祭誹謗,即污蔑猶太人出于宗教禮儀謀殺基督徒,用他們的血祭神。 案發(fā)之初,大馬士革西方各國外交人員與門頓持有相同的態(tài)度,認(rèn)為猶太人殺害了神父和他的仆人。隨著審訊的進(jìn)展,外交人員出現(xiàn)了分歧,主要分為兩派：一派是以法國為首,堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為血祭禮儀的存在；另一派以英國、奧地利為首,認(rèn)為血祭誹謗是荒謬的,應(yīng)當(dāng)重新審判案件。除去大國因素的作用,現(xiàn)代報(bào)刊也擴(kuò)大了這一案件的影響力,將它傳遞到世界各地,大馬士革事件由一樁地方性事件演變成人盡皆知的國際性事件。 世界各地的猶太社團(tuán)在獲知大馬士革事件后,紛紛采取行動,以請?jiān)�、游說政府、捐助、派遣代表團(tuán)等形式幫助大馬士革猶太人。傳統(tǒng)的猶太“一體觀”再次得以體現(xiàn)。19世紀(jì),西歐猶太人開始解放運(yùn)動,逐漸同化入主流社會。然而,大馬士革事件第一次將全世界的猶太人團(tuán)結(jié)起來,同時也促進(jìn)了西歐猶太人對解放運(yùn)動的反思,復(fù)國主義思想得以萌芽。因此,大馬士革事件在近代猶太史上具有轉(zhuǎn)折意義。 文章分為三部分,緒論、正文和結(jié)語。緒論部分闡述了選題意義、資料引用以及研究思路。正文分為五章,第一章介紹了大馬士革事件的由來,描述了案件的審訊過程。第二章分析西方國家的態(tài)度,首先向讀者介紹中東地區(qū)的政治形勢,此為大馬士革事件發(fā)生的時代背景,隨后敘述外交人員的介入和分歧,并分析其緣由,之后,通過解讀各國的報(bào)刊言論,了解公眾對大馬士革事件所持的態(tài)度,同時,報(bào)刊言論在一定程度上也反映了該國政府的立場。 第三章和第四章是正文的重點(diǎn),主要通過分析各國猶太社團(tuán)的反應(yīng)以及行動,體現(xiàn)出猶太“一體觀”。其中,第三章引用了大量的原始資料,特別是會議文獻(xiàn),敘述了君士坦丁堡、耶路撒冷、埃及、英國、法國、美國的猶太社團(tuán)以不同形式幫助受難的猶太同胞,大馬士革事件將世界各地猶太人的命運(yùn)聯(lián)系在—起。第四章詳細(xì)闡述猶太代表團(tuán)的行動,從組建到出使埃及、君士坦丁堡等地到歸來,大馬士革事件最終得到了較為圓滿地解決。此外,文章還介紹了蒙特菲爾和克列米埃分別在君士坦丁堡和埃及做的慈善事業(yè),這也是猶太人的一項(xiàng)傳統(tǒng)。慈善事業(yè)是猶太民族延續(xù)至今的一大秘訣。 結(jié)語部分闡釋了大馬士革事件對猶太人的影響以及對世界的啟示意義,重點(diǎn)突出其鞏固并加強(qiáng)了猶太“一體觀”。大馬士革事件聯(lián)合了世界各地的猶太人,從此之后,無論哪一個猶太人社團(tuán)受到羞辱,或是面臨危險(xiǎn),都會在世界各地遭到反擊。此外,文章向世人展示了猶太人處理問題的方式,即為“團(tuán)結(jié)”、“互助”。同時,也驚醒后人,為了維護(hù)世界和平,要反對任何形式的反猶主義。
[Abstract]:In the middle of the nineteenth Century, the political situation in the Middle East was unrest. The Osman Empire broke down. Egypt Pasamuhammed Ali controlled the Syria region. Britain, France, Russia, Austria, Prussia, and other western countries were in the Middle East, trying to establish their own sphere of influence. Damascus was an ancient town in Syria, and Western countries all had The consul was stationed here.
In February 5, 1840, the Damascus rea Thomas and his Muslim servant Amara disappeared mysteriously. Father Thomas was a French protector, so the case was tried by the Syria authorities and the French consul. In the search for father Thomas, the rumor was rumours that the Jews killed Thomas for blood sacrificial etiquette. Father Sheriff Pasha and the French consul Lahti Menton sent staff to search the Jewish district and arrested four Jewish suspects. Under the torture, a Jewish barber confessed seven local Jewish celebrities, and they were arrested. Rescue. After the second round of interrogation, more Jewish celebrities were arrested, and the whole Jewish community was in jeopardy. This was the defamation of blood sacrifice that prevailed in the Middle Ages in Western Europe. That is, the defamation of Jews for the murder of Christians for religious etiquette and their sacrifice to their gods.
At the beginning of the case, the foreign diplomats of the western countries of Damascus held the same attitude and thought that the Jews killed the priest and his servants. With the progress of the trial, the diplomats were divided into two groups: one was led by France and insisted on the existence of the blood sacrificial instrument; the other was led by the United Kingdom and Austria as the leader. Defamation of blood sacrifice is absurd and should be retrial. Apart from the role of great powers, modern newspapers and periodicals have expanded the influence of the case to all parts of the world, and the Damascus incident has evolved from a local event to a well-known international event.
After the knowledge of the Damascus incident, the Jewish communities around the world have taken action to help Damascus Jews in the form of petition, government, donations and delegations. The traditional Jewish "one concept" has been able to embody the.19 century again. The Jews in Western Europe began to solve the movement and gradually assimilated into the mainstream society. However, Damascus, however, Damascus was gradually assimilated into the mainstream society. For the first time, the events of the whole world were united, and the Jews' Reflection on the liberation movement of the Jews in Western Europe and the sprout of the thought of the repatriation. Therefore, the Damascus incident had a turning point in the Modern Jewish history.
The article is divided into three parts, the introduction, the text and the conclusion. The introduction part expounds the significance of the topic, the reference of the data and the research ideas. The text is divided into five chapters. The first chapter introduces the origin of the Damascus incident, describes the process of the trial of the case. The second chapter analyzes the attitude of the western countries and first introduces the political situation in the Middle East to the reader. In the background of the times of the Damascus incident, the intervention and disagreement of the diplomats were described and the reasons were analyzed. After that, the public opinion on the events in Damascus was understood by reading the newspapers and statements from various countries. At the same time, the press reflected the government's position to a certain extent.
The third and fourth chapters are the focus of the text. By analyzing the reactions and actions of the Jewish communities in various countries, the Jewish "one concept" is reflected. Among them, the third chapter quotes a large number of raw materials, especially the conference documents, and describes the different forms of help in Constantinople, Jerusalem, Egypt, Britain, France, and the United States. The crucifixion of Jewish compatriots, the Damascus incident linked the fate of the Jews around the world. The fourth chapter elaborated on the action of the Jewish delegation. From the formation to the origin of Egypt, Constantinople and other places, the Damascus incident was finally settled in a more roundabout way. Besides, the article also introduced Mont Phil and klomier. It is a tradition of Jewish people to do charity work in Constantinople and Egypt respectively. Philanthropy is a great secret for Jewish people to continue.
The conclusion explains the influence of the Damascus incident on the Jews and the enlightenment to the world, focusing on the consolidation and strengthening of the Jewish "one concept". The Damascus incident combined the Jews from all over the world. From then on, no matter which Jewish community was humiliated, or faced with danger, all of them would be affected all over the world. In addition, the article has shown the ways of the Jews to deal with the problems, namely, "unity" and "mutual assistance". At the same time, it also awakens the later generations to oppose any form of anti Semitism in order to maintain peace in the world.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：南京大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：K376.5

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