發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-04-26 03:20

  本文選題：加爾文 + 教會(huì)��； 參考：《上海外國語大學(xué)》2009年碩士論文

【摘要】： 讓·加爾文(1509-1564)向來被看作是與馬丁·路德齊名的宗教改革家,同時(shí)也是加爾文主義的奠基者,然而直至今日他本人仍充滿爭議。宗教改革時(shí)期,他被天主教會(huì)指為異端,處處追殺,卻奮起反抗天主教的專制流毒,追尋千年來偏離本質(zhì)的信仰,提倡人人皆有權(quán)閱讀圣經(jīng);他所進(jìn)行的宗教改革甚至動(dòng)搖了天主教會(huì)在歐洲的統(tǒng)治地位。加爾文同時(shí)也是位人文主義者,反抗暴力鎮(zhèn)壓,宣揚(yáng)宗教寬容;然而,在日內(nèi)瓦建立了自己的加爾文教會(huì)后,這位人文主義者卻敵視反對他的言論,制定嚴(yán)格的法規(guī)懲治異己,直至將與他在信仰上進(jìn)行激烈辯論的西班牙醫(yī)生塞維斯特送上火刑柱。他的政權(quán)被人稱作是無異于天主教專制的新教專制。 從加爾文的經(jīng)歷可以看出,他本是一個(gè)反對教會(huì)絕對權(quán)力的反抗者,卻在奪取權(quán)力后轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橐粋�(gè)可怕的暴君。他是一個(gè)掌權(quán)的“異端”。難道是因?yàn)檫^于強(qiáng)烈的宗教信仰才導(dǎo)致其動(dòng)用暴力鎮(zhèn)壓異端,盡管自己也曾經(jīng)是受害者?或者其中還隱藏著更深刻更廣泛的原因? 本文試圖通過追尋加爾文前后的足跡,從宗教和政治方面分析其轉(zhuǎn)變的原因。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),他變化的關(guān)鍵要素并非在于宗教熱忱,而是權(quán)力的因素。作為毫無政治權(quán)力的異端時(shí),他的目標(biāo)是反抗當(dāng)權(quán)者,推翻舊有權(quán)力,而沒有涉及到行使權(quán)力;一旦擁有權(quán)力后,他的目的在于鞏固權(quán)力,使權(quán)力得以延續(xù),所以要防止任何可能的反抗和動(dòng)亂,盡管他也曾通過這種方式達(dá)到權(quán)力的頂峰。加爾文的變化其實(shí)是一種權(quán)力的現(xiàn)象。通過探究權(quán)力的性質(zhì)我們發(fā)現(xiàn),權(quán)力本身無所謂善惡,它是任何人類團(tuán)體得以穩(wěn)固的保障;同時(shí),如果沒有有效控制,權(quán)力便會(huì)淪為掌權(quán)者滿足一己私欲的工具,穩(wěn)固權(quán)力的愿望也因?yàn)闄?quán)力本身被濫用而成為暴力的借口。權(quán)力從此成了“異端”。加爾文的時(shí)代雖已遠(yuǎn)去,教會(huì)也不再集神權(quán)和世俗權(quán)于一身,但是濫用權(quán)力和禁錮意識形態(tài)的做法難道只是明日黃花嗎?歷史的舞臺上上演了一幕幕非宗教領(lǐng)域卻神似加爾文經(jīng)歷的事件。法國大革命時(shí)期羅伯斯庇爾的雅各賓派專政以及俄國十月革命時(shí)期列寧的布爾什維克專政都說明了,這是處于人類社會(huì)中的所有人類的共性。而了解權(quán)力的本質(zhì)應(yīng)該有助于防范權(quán)力所導(dǎo)致的悲劇不斷發(fā)生。
[Abstract]:Jean Calvinn 1509-1564) has long been seen as a reformer in the name of Martin Luther and founder of Calvinism, but he is still controversial to this day. During the period of religious reform, he was accused by the Catholic Church of heresy, everywhere pursuit, but rise up against the tyranny of Catholicism, pursue a thousand years of deviation from the essence of the faith, advocate that everyone has the right to read the Bible; His religious reforms have even shaken the dominance of the Catholic Church in Europe. Calvin was also a humanist who resisted violent repression and promoted religious tolerance; however, after setting up his own Calvin church in Geneva, the humanist was hostile to his remarks and made strict laws to punish dissidents. Until the Spanish doctor Sevist, who had a fierce debate with him on his faith, sent a stake. His regime was described as a Protestant despotism of Catholicism. Calvin's experience shows that he was a revolt against the absolute power of the church, but turned into a terrible tyrant when he seized it. He is a heresy in power. Is it because of too strong a religious belief that it uses violence to suppress heresy, even though it was once a victim? Or is there a deeper and broader reason behind it? This paper attempts to analyze the causes of the transformation from the religious and political aspects by following the footprints of Calvin before and after Calvin. The study found that the key to his change was not religious zeal, but power. As a heresy without political power, his goal was to resist those in power, to overturn the old power, without involving the exercise of power; once it was possessed, his aim was to consolidate it and to perpetuate it. So prevent any possible revolt and upheaval, though he has reached the height of power in this way. Calvin's change is actually a phenomenon of power. By exploring the nature of power, we find that power itself is not good or evil; it is a solid guarantee for any human group; and, without effective control, power becomes a tool for those in power to satisfy their own selfish desires. The desire to secure power is also an excuse for violence because power itself is abused. Power has since become heretical. Although Calvin's time is gone and the church is no longer a mixture of theocracy and secularism, is the abuse of power and the imprison of ideology a thing of the past? On the stage of history were scenes of secular events that resembled Calvin's experience. The Jacobin dictatorship of Robespierre during the French Revolution and the Bolshevik dictatorship of Lenin during the Russian Revolution of October showed that this was the commonality of all human beings in human society. Understanding the nature of power should help prevent tragedies from occurring.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：上海外國語大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2009
【分類號】：K5

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