本文選題：黑死病 + 英國��； 參考：《蘇州科技學(xué)院》2010年碩士論文

【摘要】：1348年源于中亞地區(qū)的黑死病,從歐洲大陸傳播到了英國。由于英國特殊的氣候條件、人為對生態(tài)環(huán)境的破壞、加之城鎮(zhèn)較差的衛(wèi)生環(huán)境和人們不良的衛(wèi)生習(xí)慣,幾種因素相互作用,造成瘟疫在英國沿水路迅速傳播開來。黑死病的迅速傳播造成英國人口數(shù)量銳減,而銳減的程度通過對教士階層和平民階層的死亡率的分析,整個社會的死亡率大約在45%-50%之間。同時,通過人口替代率的考察,可以看出英國人口在黑死病后長期發(fā)展緩慢。人口的銳減必然帶來勞動力的短缺,勞動力價格攀升,給以農(nóng)為主的英國經(jīng)濟帶來了巨大的災(zāi)難。面對這一狀況,封建主不得不考慮改變經(jīng)營方式,傳統(tǒng)的莊園制度加速瓦解,農(nóng)奴制度也隨之退出歷史舞臺,而出租制則日益盛行。土地經(jīng)營規(guī)模也發(fā)生了變化,大份地盛行,農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟向農(nóng)牧業(yè)混合經(jīng)濟轉(zhuǎn)變,這一切使英國的農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟得到逐步地恢復(fù)。在農(nóng)業(yè)的帶動下,商業(yè)和城鎮(zhèn)也開始恢復(fù)、繁榮。而在應(yīng)對黑死病帶來的社會危機的過程中,英國國家管理體制、法律制度的日漸健全。與此同時,英國出現(xiàn)了一些新興的社會階層。瘟疫對英國的社會變遷不僅體現(xiàn)在這些物質(zhì)層面,還體現(xiàn)精神層面。黑死病后,人們的思想觀念即宗教觀、生活觀、死亡觀也發(fā)生了重大變遷。因此,黑死病在英國中世紀(jì)社會變遷過程中扮演了重要的角色。
[Abstract]:The Black death, which originated in Central Asia in 1348, spread from continental Europe to Britain. Due to the special climatic conditions, the man-made damage to the ecological environment, the poor sanitation in towns and people's bad hygiene habits, the interaction of several factors causes the plague to spread rapidly along the waterway in England. The rapid spread of the Black death caused a sharp decline in the population of Britain, and the extent of the decline was estimated at between 45 and 50 per cent for the whole society through an analysis of the death rates of the clergy and the civilian class. At the same time, through the study of population substitution rate, we can see that the long-term development of the British population after the Black death is slow. The sharp decline in population will inevitably lead to a shortage of labor, rising labor prices, and a huge disaster for the agriculture-oriented economy of the United Kingdom. In the face of this situation, the feudal owners had to consider changing the management mode, the traditional manor system accelerated to collapse, the serfdom system also withdrew from the historical stage, and the rental system became more and more popular. The scale of land management has also changed, and the agricultural economy has changed to the mixed economy of agriculture and animal husbandry, which has gradually restored the agricultural economy of England. Led by agriculture, commerce and towns also began to recover and flourish. In the process of dealing with the social crisis caused by the Black death, the British national management system and legal system are becoming more and more perfect. At the same time, some new social classes have emerged in Britain. The social vicissitude of the plague to Britain is reflected not only in the material level, but also in the spiritual level. After the Black death, people's ideas of religion, life and death also changed greatly. Therefore, the Black death played an important role in the process of social change in medieval England.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：蘇州科技學(xué)院
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2010
【分類號】：K561.32

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