發(fā)布時間：2018-04-25 07:22

  本文選題：杰克遜時期 + 市場革命�。� 參考：《首都師范大學(xué)》2007年碩士論文

【摘要】： 19世紀(jì)早期，尤其是杰克遜時期(1815-1846)，美國社會發(fā)生了巨大變化，被學(xué)者們稱作“市場革命”。這場市場革命首先意味著經(jīng)濟(jì)變革，其次也對美國社會、政治、思想等產(chǎn)生了重大意義。筆者試圖通過以下三章內(nèi)容，對杰克遜時期美國的市場革命及其社會反應(yīng)作一些研究和探討。 第一章主要論述杰克遜時期美國的市場革命。早在20世紀(jì)60年代查爾斯·塞勒斯就提出了市場革命這一概念。隨后其他學(xué)者也開始圍繞這一概念來展開不同的研究。而在1991年，塞勒斯則運(yùn)用這一概念完成了他對美國19世紀(jì)早期史的綜合性研究，出版了《市場革命：杰克遜時期的美國(1815-1846)》。正是由于這本書的出版，美國又掀起了對19世紀(jì)早期史的研究熱潮。對于這一概念，許多學(xué)者仍存有質(zhì)疑，例如它的起始時間及其簡單的二元對立性等，但都承認(rèn)它是目前杰克遜史研究中最好的宏觀解釋框架。1815年開始，美國社會中自給自足的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)生活模式逐漸瓦解，而早已存在的市場化傾向則在各種有利因素的推動下，突破種種困難，發(fā)展成為一場市場革命。借助于日益改善的交通網(wǎng)，這場市場革命逐步向全國推進(jìn)。 第二章主要論述市場革命下美國各地區(qū)的新變化。東北部地區(qū)由于已經(jīng)有了一定的商業(yè)發(fā)展基礎(chǔ)，所以市場革命在這個地區(qū)發(fā)展得最快，東北部呈現(xiàn)出生機(jī)勃勃的發(fā)展面貌。一方面，東北部的商業(yè)資本首先轉(zhuǎn)入紡織業(yè)和制造業(yè)，開始了美國的工業(yè)革命；另一方面，東北部農(nóng)村地區(qū)傳統(tǒng)的家庭手工業(yè)開始解體。通過特殊的“戶外加工體制”，東北部農(nóng)村地區(qū)逐漸被納入市場革命中。與東北部相比，這時的西部(主要指老西北部)則相對落后，市場革命的發(fā)展相對緩慢。但是隨著大量移民的到來，這里逐漸得到開發(fā)。特別是隨著交通的改善，西部經(jīng)濟(jì)逐漸興起，開始納入全國市場。市場革命在南部的發(fā)展則呈現(xiàn)出與眾不同的特點(diǎn)。在市場的導(dǎo)向作用下，1815年以后南部發(fā)展成為美國的“棉花王國”，棉花種植園主圍繞市場來進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)。但是占南部人口多數(shù)的小農(nóng)，由于考慮自身經(jīng)濟(jì)生產(chǎn)的安全，所受市場革命影響很小，依然從事自給自足性的生產(chǎn)。 第三章主要探討了美國社會對市場革命的反應(yīng)。隨著市場革命的展開和深入，美國社會各個領(lǐng)域出現(xiàn)了形形色色的沖突和斗爭。如何應(yīng)對這一陌生的社會環(huán)境，美國人開始了各種各樣的改革和試驗(yàn)，最終從政治、社會和思想各個方面開始了與市場革命相融合的過程。各派力量為了自己的利益，展開政治斗爭，促使美國開始了深刻的政治轉(zhuǎn)型過程。市場革命開始前后的美國政治，主要是由杰斐遜共和黨所控制的。但是杰斐遜共和黨組成成分不一，不僅包括小農(nóng)和老共和黨人，還包括商業(yè)派。商業(yè)派的利益在市場革命中得到了發(fā)展。然而，由于1819年危機(jī)所造成的經(jīng)濟(jì)困難及1824年總統(tǒng)選舉中的“骯臟交易”，越來越多的人開始拋棄共和黨陣營，而轉(zhuǎn)向另一位政治人物安德魯·杰克遜身邊。圍繞著杰克遜，一個新的民主黨成立。在杰克遜統(tǒng)治下，在市場革命中受益的商業(yè)派的利益受損，而小農(nóng)、技工等小生產(chǎn)者的利益得到了保護(hù)。在反對杰克遜黨人的過程中，另一個新的全國性政黨輝格黨成立。由此開始了美國新型的大眾民主政黨政治。在市場革命發(fā)展的同時，興起了第二次大覺醒運(yùn)動。在第二次大覺醒運(yùn)動中，，各個教派都力圖擴(kuò)張。但只有那些適應(yīng)市場并調(diào)整教義及傳道形式的教派，才能夠在自由的宗教“市場”競爭獲得發(fā)展壯大。衛(wèi)理公會的發(fā)展就是一個突出的例子。第二次大覺醒運(yùn)動打破了對傳統(tǒng)權(quán)威的順從模式，激起了大眾的參與意識，正好緩和了人們適應(yīng)市場革命的過程。市場革命帶來了各種社會弊病，大批的改革者嘗試各種各樣的方式去完善這個新社會。美國由此開始了一個改革的年代。城市道德、酗酒、奴隸制、醫(yī)療改革等都成了人們關(guān)注的目標(biāo)。通過社會改革，人們逐漸學(xué)會適應(yīng)這個已經(jīng)變化了的社會。
[Abstract]:In the early nineteenth Century, especially in the period of Jackson (1815-1846), great changes have taken place in American society, which have been called "market revolution" by scholars. This market revolution first means economic change, and then it also has great significance to American society, politics and thought. The author tries to pass the following three chapters to the city of the United States in the period of the Jackson period. The field revolution and its social reactions are studied and discussed.
The first chapter mainly deals with the American market revolution in the Jackson period. As early as in 1960s, Charles Cyrus put forward the concept of market revolution. Then other scholars began to carry out different studies around this concept. In 1991, Sellers used this concept to complete his comprehensive history of the United States in the early nineteenth Century. The publication of the market revolution: the market revolution: the United States of the Jackson period (1815-1846). It is the publication of this book that the United States has set off an upsurge of research on the history of the early nineteenth Century. Many scholars still have doubts about this concept, such as its starting time and its simple two yuan antagonism, but all admit that it is the present history of Jackson. The best macro interpretation framework in the study began in.1815, and the self-sufficient agricultural production and living mode in American society gradually disintegrated, and the existing tendency of marketization, driven by various favorable factors, broke through various difficulties and developed into a market revolution. With the help of the increasingly improved traffic network, the market revolution gradually turned to the market revolution. The whole country is pushing forward.
The second chapter mainly discusses the new changes in various regions of the United States under the market revolution. Since the northeast region has already had a certain commercial development basis, the market revolution has developed fastest in this area, and the northeastern part of the north-east presents a vibrant appearance of birth. On the one hand, the commercial capital of the northeast is first transferred into the textile industry and the manufacturing industry. On the other hand, the traditional family handicraft industry in the northeast rural areas began to disintegrate. Through the special "outdoor processing system", the northeast rural areas were gradually incorporated into the market revolution. Compared with the northeast, the western region (mainly the Old Northwest) was relatively backward, but the development of the market revolution was relatively slow. With the arrival of a large number of immigrants, it was gradually developed. In particular, with the improvement of traffic, the western economy began to rise and began to be incorporated into the national market. The development of the market revolution in the South showed a distinctive feature. Under the guidance of the market, the South developed into the "cotton kingdom" of the United States, cotton seed after 1815. The farmers, who make up the majority of the southern population, are still engaged in self-sufficiency because of the small impact of the market revolution, considering the safety of their own economic production.
The third chapter mainly discusses the reaction of American society to the market revolution. With the expansion and deepening of the market revolution, various conflicts and struggles in various fields of American society. How to cope with this strange social environment, the Americans have begun various reforms and experiments, and finally from the political, social and ideological aspects. The process of merging with the market revolution began. The forces of each faction launched a political struggle for the sake of their own interests, prompting a profound political transition in the United States. The American politics before and after the beginning of the market revolution were dominated by the Republican Party of Jefferson. But the composition of Jefferson Republicans was different, not only the small farmers and the Old Republic. The party, including the business group, has developed in the market revolution. However, because of the economic difficulties caused by the 1819 crisis and the "dirty trade" in the presidential election in 1824, more and more people began to abandon the Republican camp and turn to another politician, Andrew Jackson. A new democratic party was established. Under Jackson, the interests of the business groups benefiting in the market revolution were damaged, and the interests of small farmers, mechanic and other small producers were protected. In the course of opposition to the Jackson party, another new national party Whigs was established. At the same time, the market revolution has developed second Great Awakening movements. In the second Great Awakening movement, every sectarian tries to expand. But only those sects who adapt to the market and adjust the teaching and preaching can develop and grow stronger in the free religious "market" competition. The development of the Methodist guild is a prominent example. The second Great Awakening Movement broke the mode of obedience to the traditional authority, aroused the public participation consciousness, just moderated the process of adapting to the market revolution. The market revolution brought various social maladies, and a large number of reformers tried various ways to improve the new society. Generation. Urban ethics, alcoholism, slavery, and medical reform have all been the focus of attention. Through social reform, people gradually learn to adapt to the changing society.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：首都師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2007
【分類號】：K712.42

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