本文選題：十字軍運(yùn)動(dòng) + 阿維農(nóng)之囚　； 參考：《河北師范大學(xué)》2008年碩士論文

【摘要】： 這場(chǎng)發(fā)起于1307年的審判,對(duì)圣殿騎士團(tuán)所造成的打擊是毀滅性的,也是14世紀(jì)最重要的歷史事件之一。圣殿騎士團(tuán)受審的原因是復(fù)雜而多樣的,法王菲利普四世在這場(chǎng)審判的發(fā)起中起到了關(guān)鍵性的作用。在異端嫌疑的外衣的掩蓋之下,這場(chǎng)審判有著深刻的政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)原因,同十字軍運(yùn)動(dòng)的衰落,皇權(quán)同教權(quán)的斗爭著緊密的聯(lián)系,同時(shí)也是13世紀(jì)以來西歐社會(huì)對(duì)異端的恐懼日益加重的社會(huì)背景的反映。圣殿騎士團(tuán)在13世紀(jì)末的衰落的趨勢(shì),也是探討其受審原因的過程中不可忽略的方面。 十字軍運(yùn)動(dòng)和圣殿騎士團(tuán)的命運(yùn)一直緊密的聯(lián)系在一起,圣殿騎士團(tuán)也是西歐人心目中的圣地的最大保衛(wèi)者。十字軍運(yùn)動(dòng)的衰落特別是1291年阿克的陷落,使得圣殿騎士團(tuán)在基督教世界中陷入了嚴(yán)重的危機(jī)之中。對(duì)其改造和合并的要求使得圣殿騎士團(tuán)同法王產(chǎn)生了直接的沖突,為法王的行動(dòng)提供了理由和借口。 教皇是圣殿騎士團(tuán)唯一的宗主,是其最強(qiáng)有力的保護(hù)者,圣殿騎士團(tuán)也是教皇維護(hù)教權(quán)的重要工具。13世紀(jì)末教權(quán)的衰落,使得圣殿騎士團(tuán)失去了教皇的有效保護(hù),反而,成為了法王進(jìn)一步打擊教皇的犧牲品。 經(jīng)濟(jì)是圣殿騎士團(tuán)受審的主要原因。圣殿騎士團(tuán)在西方積累的巨額財(cái)富、特別是其200年以來發(fā)展起來的龐大的金融信貸體系,使得其容易成為封建君主打擊的對(duì)象。菲利普四世財(cái)政上的長期而愈發(fā)嚴(yán)重的困難,使得其不得不想盡各種辦法聚集財(cái)富。圣殿騎士團(tuán)同倫巴底商人和猶太人一樣,成為了法王打擊和剝削的對(duì)象。 異端和巫術(shù)方面的“重大嫌疑”,宗教裁判官的特別要求,為法王對(duì)圣殿騎士團(tuán)逮捕行動(dòng)和審問,提供了合法的依據(jù),成為了這場(chǎng)審判的導(dǎo)火索。13世紀(jì)以來的西方世界,特別是法蘭西社會(huì)對(duì)異端和巫術(shù)恐慌的加劇,宗教裁判所為法蘭西王室所控制,日趨成為政治迫害的工具的事實(shí),都為法王利用異端審判的手段消滅圣殿騎士團(tuán),提供了必要的條件和機(jī)會(huì)。 此外,圣殿騎士團(tuán)自身也存在著一系列的問題。單一的軍事和經(jīng)濟(jì)功能,宗教職責(zé)的缺失,組織上的薄弱,對(duì)封建君主和教皇的過分依賴,缺乏自我保護(hù)的能力,都使得其容易成為受到打擊的對(duì)象。阿克陷落之后,其政策上的僵化、缺乏與時(shí)俱進(jìn)的變化,使其進(jìn)一步被削弱,最終的衰亡似乎也成為了其發(fā)展的趨勢(shì)和歷史的必然。
[Abstract]:The trial, launched in 1307, dealt a devastating blow to the Templars and was one of the most important events of the 14th century. The reasons for the order's trial were complex and varied, and King Philip IV played a key role in the initiation of the trial. Hidden under the guise of heresy, the trial had profound political and economic causes, closely linked to the decline of the crusade, the struggle between imperial and religious power, It is also a reflection of the increasing fear of heresy in Western Europe since the 13 th century. The decline of the Templar order in the end of the 13 th century is also an important aspect in the course of its trial. The fate of the Crusades and the Templars has always been closely linked, and the Templars are the greatest defenders of the holy places in Western Europe. The decline of the crusade, especially the fall of Akk in 1291, caused the order of the Templar to fall into a serious crisis in the Christian world. The request for its reform and integration made the order of the Templar conflict with the King of France directly, and provided the reason and excuse for the action of the King of France. The Pope is the only patriarch and the most powerful protector of the Templar Knights order. The Knights order is also an important tool for the Pope to defend the religious rights. The decline of religious power in the late 13th century made the Templar Knights order lose the effective protection of the Pope, on the contrary, Became the victim of the French king's further attack on the Pope. The economy was the main reason for the order's trial. The great wealth accumulated by the Templars in the West, especially its huge financial and credit system developed over the past 200 years, makes it easy to be the object of attack by feudal monarchs. Philip IV's long and growing financial difficulties forced him to do everything he could to amass his wealth. The order of Knights, like the Lombarites and Jews, was the object of attack and exploitation by the King of France. The "major suspicion" of heresy and witchcraft, and the special demands of religious magistrates, provided a legitimate basis for the King of France to arrest and interrogate the order of the Knights of the Templar, and became the trigger of the trial in the Western world since the 13th century. In particular, the increasing fear of heresy and witchcraft in French society, the fact that religious adjudication is controlled by the French royal family and is increasingly becoming a tool of political persecution, is all the use of heresy by the King of France to destroy the Knights of the Templars. The necessary conditions and opportunities are provided. In addition, the order itself also has a series of problems. A single military and economic function, a lack of religious duty, a weak organization, an overdependence on feudal monarchs and popes, and a lack of self-protection make them vulnerable to attack. After the fall of Ark, its policy became rigid, lacking the change of keeping pace with the times, which weakened it further, and the final decline seemed to be the trend of its development and the necessity of its history.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：河北師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2008
【分類號(hào)】：K13

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1 王向鵬;圣殿騎士團(tuán)受審原因探析[D];河北師范大學(xué);2008年

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