本文選題：猶太復(fù)國主義 + 以色列國��； 參考：《西北大學(xué)》2004年博士論文

【摘要】：以色列議會選舉制度是在特定的歷史條件下形成的，是猶太民族大流散和猶太復(fù)國主義運動的產(chǎn)物。2000多年的猶太民族史是一部向外分散，向內(nèi)聚合的歷史，流散與回歸是猶太民族樂章的主旋律。在不斷向外流散、回歸故土的過程中，“向心”精神與“離心”活動奇妙地融為一體。經(jīng)歷了4次大流散后，猶太民族的分散性已滲透到猶太社會的各個層面，尤其是對猶太人的政治生活產(chǎn)生了深遠(yuǎn)的影響。當(dāng)猶太人在“向心”力的作用下，開展猶太復(fù)國主義運動時，他們充分考慮到了猶太民族的分散性，所以在伊休夫的自治機構(gòu)里采取了能夠覆蓋整個猶太世界、吸納百川的比例代表制。比例代表制的實施，有力地推動了猶太復(fù)國主義運動的蓬勃發(fā)展，同時也促進了伊休夫多黨并存局面的形成。建國后，多黨制的既成事實則成為以色列議會采取比例代表制度的主要根源。 以色列實行西方式的議會民主制，但議會選舉的具體方法卻與英、美等西方國家相去甚遠(yuǎn)，，特點鮮明。以色列議會選舉采用單一選區(qū)比例代表制度，即全國為一個選區(qū)，以政黨或集團為單位參加競選，然后根據(jù)各黨派在全國范圍所得總票數(shù)，按比例分配議席，其結(jié)果是從未有政黨或團體在議會中獲得簡單多數(shù)議席(61席)，均不能單獨組閣，必須組成聯(lián)合政府。這種議會選舉制度最大的優(yōu)點是能夠更充分、更忠實地反映公眾輿論，從而使以色列避免出現(xiàn)一黨專制的局面。但是，它為代表少數(shù)人利益的小黨充斥以色列政壇提供契機，而中小黨派的“剩余能量”和“超常影響力”反過來又鼓勵了中小黨派的產(chǎn)生，從而導(dǎo)致以色列黨派滋生和政壇混亂的惡性循環(huán)。此外，它還在以色列政治體系中產(chǎn)生了一系列的嚴(yán)重問題，諸如民眾缺乏政治責(zé)任心、議員與選民脫節(jié)、政黨化的官僚主義盛行等弊端。因此，不少以色列政治家和有識之士認(rèn)為：單一比例代表制是以色列政治制度不成熟的表現(xiàn)，不能真實地反映選民意愿，甚至認(rèn)為它是“以色列政治制度的最大弱點之一”。 鑒于以上諸多弊端，建國伊始，本—古里安總理就主張改革選舉制度，試圖用選區(qū)多數(shù)選舉制取代比例代表制。第四次中東戰(zhàn)爭后，以色列政壇要求改革選舉制度的呼聲再次高漲。然而，出于選舉制自身的原因，任何嚴(yán)重危害中小黨派利益的改革方案在議會里都難以通過。建國以來，以色列在選舉制度改革方面取得的最大舉措是，1992年議會通過了由選民直接選舉總理的新選舉法。1996、1999和2001 年，以色列先后三次直接選舉總理。然而，事實證明這是一次事與愿違的改革，它 產(chǎn)生了與改革者的意圖正好相反的結(jié)果:黨派數(shù)t大幅度增加，以色列政壇分崩離 析;議席呈分散化趨勢，大黨的優(yōu)勢減弱，小黨尤其是宗教黨的作用不斷增強;內(nèi) 閣危機更加頻縈。于是，2001年議會表決廢除總理直選制，恢復(fù)1968年(選舉法) 中有關(guān)總理的規(guī)定.當(dāng)然，恢復(fù)舊選舉制只不過是權(quán)宜之策.在目前形勢下，單一 選區(qū)比例代表制給以色列政壇帶來的各種危害依然存在，并將繼續(xù)對社會的各個層 面產(chǎn)生深遠(yuǎn)的形響.議會選舉改革是一項長期而艱巨的任務(wù)，究競?cè)绾谓鉀Q以色列 的議會選舉制度問題，尚播不斷努力地探索. 總之，從歷史的角度研究以色列議會選舉制度的目的和意義就在于:追溯猶太 民族的歷史，分析以色列議會選舉制度產(chǎn)生的歷史背景，有助于人們更好地了解以 色列采用比例代表制的具體環(huán)境和條件.從中我們可以看到:一方面，比例代表制 的實施決非歷史的偶然，而是出于歷史的必然;另一方面，時過境遷，可從側(cè)面闡 述議會選舉制度改革的必要性�；仡櫤推饰鲆陨羞x舉制改革，對于全面了解以色 列紛紜復(fù)雜、變化多端的政治局面，深刻理解以色列的議會民主、行政管理和政策 制定等其有很大的布助。
[Abstract]:The parliamentary election system of Israel is formed under certain historical conditions . It is the product of the movement of the Jewish people . The Jewish history is a historical , scattered and returning to the Jewish community . When the Jews continue to scatter and return to the home soil , the spirit of centripetal spirit and the " centrifugal " movement are well integrated . The implementation of the proportional representation has promoted the vigorous development of the Jewish community , and has promoted the formation of the coexistence situation of the Yhghydov party . After the founding of the State , the established facts of the multi - party system have become the main causes of the proportional representation system of the Israeli Parliament .








Israel ' s parliamentary elections are characterized by a series of serious problems in Israel ' s political system , such as the lack of political responsibility , the dislocation of the political parties or groups , and the prevalence of political parties . The parliamentary election system has the greatest advantage of being able to reflect public opinion more fully and faithfully , which in turn has led to the emergence of a party or group of political parties , which has led to the emergence of a political system of Israel , which is not a real reflection of the wishes of the voters and even the view that it is one of the greatest weaknesses of the Israeli political system .








In view of the above - mentioned disadvantages , Prime Minister Ben - Gurion has advocated a reform of the electoral system and tried to replace proportional representation with the majority of electoral constituencies . In the fourth Middle East war , Israel ' s political circles called for a reform of the electoral system . However , for its own reasons , any reform programme that seriously jeopardized the interests of small and medium - sized parties was difficult to adopt in the parliament . Since the founding of the country , Israel has made the biggest move in the electoral system reform . Since the founding of the country , Israel has adopted a new electoral law for the direct election of the Prime Minister by voters in 1992 . 1996 , 1999 and 2001

















Israel ' s direct election to the prime minister in three consecutive years , however , has proved to be a voluntary reform ,








The opposite is the result of a reformer ' s intentions : a dramatic increase in the number of parties and an avalanche of Israeli politics .








On the other hand , the Party ' s superiority has been weakened , and the role of the small party , especially the religious Party , has been strengthened .








The crisis was more frequent , so the 2001 parliament voted to abolish the prime minister ' s direct election to restore 1968 ( the electoral law )








Of course , the restoration of the old electoral system is nothing but a measure of power . In the present situation , a single








The various risks posed by the proportional representation of the electoral district to Israeli politics persist and will continue to be addressed to the various levels of society








The parliamentary election reform is a long and arduous task , and how to resolve Israel








The parliamentary election system of parliamentary elections is still under continuous efforts .








The implementation of history is not the coincidence of history , but for the necessity of history ; on the other hand , it can be changed from side to side .








The history of the nation , the analysis of the historical background of the parliamentary election system of Israel will help people to learn better








The color column uses the specific environment and conditions of proportional representation , from which we can see : on the one hand , proportional representation








In short , the purpose and significance of studying the system of parliamentary elections in Israel from the historical perspective lies in the retroactivity of Judea .








The necessity of the parliamentary election system reform . Review and analyze the reform of the electoral system in Israel .








A complex and varied political situation with a profound understanding of Israel ' s parliamentary democracy , administration and policy








There ' s a lot of help to make .

【學(xué)位授予單位】：西北大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2004
【分類號】：K381

【引證文獻】

相關(guān)博士學(xué)位論文 前2條

1 李志芬;以色列民族構(gòu)建研究[D];西北大學(xué);2009年

2 邱曉里;民主實現(xiàn)的法治機制[D];中共中央黨校;2012年

相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前4條

1 歐連維;“貝塔以色列人”研究[D];外交學(xué)院;2011年

2 陳穎;論蘇格蘭地方議會的選舉制度[D];華東政法學(xué)院;2006年

3 趙繼云;以色列總工會研究[D];西北大學(xué);2009年

4 莊建青;以色列政黨制度及其對外政策的影響[D];青島大學(xué);2009年

本文編號：1790154